TNNC1

gene
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Summary

TNNC1 (troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type, HGNC:11943) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 3p21.1, encoding Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles (P63316). Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction.

Troponin is a central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction, and together with tropomyosin, is located on the actin filament. Troponin consists of 3 subunits: TnI, which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase; TnT, which contains the binding site for tropomyosin; and TnC, the protein encoded by this gene. The binding of calcium to TnC abolishes the inhibitory action of TnI, thus allowing the interaction of actin with myosin, the hydrolysis of ATP, and the generation of tension. Mutations in this gene are associated with cardiomyopathy dilated type 1Z.

Source: NCBI Gene 7134 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • Gene–disease (curated): hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Definitive, ClinGen) — +4 more curated relationships
  • GWAS associations: 6
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 395 total — 5 pathogenic, 6 likely-pathogenic
  • Phenotypes (HPO): 32
  • Druggable target: yes — 2 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
  • Dosage sensitivity (ClinGen): haploinsufficiency no evidence, triplosensitivity no evidence
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_003280

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:11943
Approved symbolTNNC1
Nametroponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type
Location3p21.1
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
Ensembl geneENSG00000114854
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM191040
Entrez7134

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 2 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000232975, ENST00000461086, ENST00000496590

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_003280 NM_003280

CCDS: CCDS2857

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000232975 — 6 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000007708305245139152451527
ENSE000007708315245174452451858
ENSE000007708335245248352452513
ENSE000010637865245399252454041
ENSE000010637875245110052451306
ENSE000034654185245210652452252

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 207 present calls, max score 99.99.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 60.7134 / max 16607.6591, expressed in 535 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (7 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
4243360.1211529
424280.207247
424290.171636
424270.098534
424300.062225
424310.037614
424320.01527

Top tissues by expression

292 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
triceps brachiiUBERON:000150999.99gold quality
gluteal muscleUBERON:000200099.99gold quality
heart right ventricleUBERON:000208099.99gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominisUBERON:000451199.99gold quality
diaphragmUBERON:000110399.98gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachiiUBERON:000450299.98gold quality
left ventricle myocardiumUBERON:000656699.98gold quality
biceps brachiiUBERON:000150799.97gold quality
vastus lateralisUBERON:000137999.96gold quality
quadriceps femorisUBERON:000137799.95gold quality
apex of heartUBERON:000209899.94gold quality
skeletal muscle tissueUBERON:000113499.93gold quality
gastrocnemiusUBERON:000138899.93gold quality
myocardiumUBERON:000234999.93gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscleUBERON:000425299.93gold quality
cardiac atriumUBERON:000208199.90gold quality
right atrium auricular regionUBERON:000663199.90gold quality
tibialis anteriorUBERON:000138599.89gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atriumUBERON:000337999.87gold quality
deltoidUBERON:000147699.80gold quality
cardiac ventricleUBERON:000208299.80gold quality
heart left ventricleUBERON:000208499.80gold quality
body of tongueUBERON:001187699.78gold quality
vena cavaUBERON:000408799.37gold quality
muscle organUBERON:000163099.27gold quality
muscle of legUBERON:000138399.01gold quality
heartUBERON:000094898.34gold quality
tibial nerveUBERON:000132397.59gold quality
muscle tissueUBERON:000238597.10gold quality
right lungUBERON:000216795.94gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 5 experiment(s), a significant marker in 5.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-ANND-2yes8531.43
E-MTAB-10662yes486.06
E-MTAB-9388yes189.58
E-HCAD-1yes19.25
E-ANND-3no0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): GATA4, GATA5, HMGB2, SP1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

21 targeting TNNC1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-34B-5P99.7867.561175
HSA-MIR-449C-5P99.7867.631168
HSA-MIR-2682-5P99.7367.381055
HSA-MIR-149-3P99.7268.223963
HSA-MIR-1224-5P99.4865.59803
HSA-MIR-94099.3766.142064
HSA-MIR-6893-5P99.3166.252119
HSA-MIR-6808-5P99.3166.232150
HSA-MIR-6731-5P99.2867.422375
HSA-MIR-808599.2867.562362
HSA-MIR-361-3P99.1966.451381
HSA-MIR-1207-3P98.9966.221532
HSA-MIR-4700-5P98.6367.431915
HSA-MIR-557298.5565.84970
HSA-MIR-6776-5P98.5467.431304
HSA-MIR-1910-3P98.4467.511695
HSA-MIR-6511A-5P98.1367.471770
HSA-MIR-444398.0266.251928
HSA-MIR-6855-5P97.5166.03830
HSA-MIR-317095.8464.32721
HSA-MIR-324-5P95.6865.20560

Functional genomics

ClinGen dosage: haploinsufficiency 0 (no evidence), triplosensitivity 0 (no evidence). ClinGen Gene Dosage Map

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

  • Structure and dynamics of the C-domain of human cardiac troponin C in complex with the inhibitory region of human cardiac troponin I. (PMID:12732641)
  • Data suggest that activation of cardiac myofilaments is tightly coupled to the open state of the N-domain of cardiac troponin C, and that pathological effects of phosphorylation are influenced by mutations in cardiac troponin I. (PMID:15147183)
  • CTnI mutations mainly alter myocardial performance via changes in the Ca2+ -sensitivity of force development and in some cases alter the muscle relaxation kinetics. Review. (PMID:15524171)
  • C helix moves away from the D helix in a distinct Ca(2+)-dependent manner, while the B helix does not. (PMID:15628883)
  • Results describe the in situ structure of human cardiac troponin C. (PMID:15808858)
  • The crystal structure of troponin suggests that the Ca2+-binding to the regulatory TnC site displaces the N-terminal portion of TnI from actin/tropomyosin, thereby altering mobility/flexibility of the troponin/tropomyosin strand on the actin filament. (PMID:16157639)
  • Spin dipole-dipole interaction showed that in reconstituted muscle fibers both skeletal and cardiac TnC undergo Ca2+-induced structural change that is thought to be TnIreg movement. (PMID:16157641)
  • Results imply a hindered transduction of the protein kinase A phosphorylation signal from cardiac troponin I to troponin C. (PMID:16302972)
  • the mutation Gly159Asp causes a significant decrease in the rate of force production and a change in the relationship between the rate of force production and generated force in muscle (PMID:17021793)
  • in the presence of phosphorylated cTnI, cTnC-G159D specifically blunted phosphorylation induced decrease in Ca(2+)-sensitive tension development without altering cross-bridge cycling in cardiac myofilament (PMID:17446435)
  • Suggest that TnC Ca(2+) binding properties modulate the rate of cardiac muscle contraction at submaximal levels of Ca(2+) activation. (PMID:17693547)
  • A novel mutation in the cardiac Troponin C gene has been identified recently in a family with dilated cardiomyopathy. (PMID:17977476)
  • A troponin T mutation that causes infantile restrictive cardiomyopathy increases Ca2+ sensitivity of force development and impairs the inhibitory properties of troponin (PMID:18032382)
  • Modulation of cardiac troponin C function by the cardiac-specific N-terminus of troponin I: influence of PKA phosphorylation and involvement in cardiomyopathies. (PMID:18042489)
  • kinetic analysis of cardiac troponin C mutants linked to familial hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy in troponin complexes (PMID:18063575)
  • These results suggest that the perturbations of the N-domain caused by the Trp mutation disturb the interaction between TnC and TnI, which in turn diminishes the activity in fibers. (PMID:18092822)
  • A hypertrophic cardiomyopathy susceptibility gene. (PMID:18572189)
  • development of dilated cardiomyopathy results from the poor anchoring of cTnI to cCTnC, with the resulting increase in the level of acto-myosin inhibition in agreement with physiological data (PMID:18803402)
  • the desensitization of myofilaments from G159D-CTnC is expected to weaken the contractile force of the myocardium, whereas the lack of myofilament changes from L29Q-CTnC may preserve diastolic and systolic function. (PMID:18820258)
  • analysis of troponin C mutations related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (PMID:19439414)
  • plasma levels are associated with degree of vascular obstruction in patients with pulmonary embolism (PMID:19492165)
  • (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate forms a ternary complex with the C-terminal domain of troponin C and the anchoring region of troponin I. (PMID:19542563)
  • Functional analysis of a unique troponin c mutation, GLY159ASP, that causes familial dilated cardiomyopathy, studied in explanted heart muscle. (PMID:19808376)
  • cardiac troponin switches between alternative sets of intramolecular interactions, similar to previous intermediate resolution x-ray data of skeletal muscle troponin (PMID:19920153)
  • The intrinsic properties of TnC and its interactions with other contractile proteins play a crucial role in modulating the binding of calcium to TnC in increasingly complex biochemical systems. (PMID:20128626)
  • Four private protein-altering variants were identified in troponin C type 1 in 4 probands. (PMID:20215591)
  • the dilated cardiomyopathy troponin C mutation lowers contractile force by reducing strong myosin-actin binding (PMID:20371872)
  • After acute myocardial infarction, cTnI is present in serum as the ternary cTnT-cTnI-TnC (TIC) complex and binary cTnI-TnC (IC) complex. (PMID:20378771)
  • Calcium binding properties of the carboxy terminal-domain sites might be important for the proper regulatory function of cardiac troponin C. (PMID:20459070)
  • A region in cTnC associated with increased Ca(2+) sensitivity in skinned fibers was identified, an the F27W reporter mutation affected Ca(2+) sensitivity, maximal force, and ATPase activation of some mutants. (PMID:20566645)
  • analysis of order and disorder in troponin C, T and I (PMID:20889975)
  • strong cross-bridges potentiate the Ca(2+)-sensitizing effect of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-cTnC mutants on the myofilament (PMID:21056975)
  • Functional characterization of TNNC1 rare variants identified in dilated cardiomyopathy. (PMID:21832052)
  • The study examines TNC for its ability of binding Ca2+ and furthermore determines the molecular contributions to Ca2+ binding kinetics. (PMID:22329450)
  • Cardiomyopathy-linked TnC mutations affect the response of reconstituted thin filaments to calcium upon cardiac troponin (Tn)I phosphorylation. (PMID:22489623)
  • Rationally engineered TnC constructs corrected the abnormal Ca(2+) sensitivities of the thin filament, reconstituted actomyosin ATPase activity (PMID:22511780)
  • The L48Q mutation enhanced binding of both Ca(2+) and troponin I to cardiac troponin C. (PMID:22591429)
  • The disease-related protein modifications alter Ca(2+) binding by influencing both the association and dissociation rates of thin filament Ca(2+) exchange. (PMID:22675533)
  • a novel mutation in the TNNC1 gene is associated with HCM pathogenesis and may predispose to the pathogenesis of a fatal arrhythmogenic subtype of HCM (PMID:22815480)
  • Significance of troponin dynamics for Ca2+-mediated regulation of contraction and inherited cardiomyopathy. (PMID:23066014)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriotnnc1bENSDARG00000037539
mus_musculusTnnc1ENSMUSG00000091898
rattus_norvegicusTnnc1ENSRNOG00000018943

Paralogs (1): TNNC2 (ENSG00000101470)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac musclesP63316 (reviewed: P63316)

All UniProt accessions (3): P63316, C9JDI3, Q6FH91

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site for tropomyosin and Tn-C. The binding of calcium to Tn-C abolishes the inhibitory action of Tn on actin filaments.

Disease relevance. Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1Z (CMD1Z) [MIM:611879] A disorder characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function, resulting in congestive heart failure and arrhythmia. Patients are at risk of premature death. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic, 13 (CMH13) [MIM:613243] A hereditary heart disorder characterized by ventricular hypertrophy, which is usually asymmetric and often involves the interventricular septum. The symptoms include dyspnea, syncope, collapse, palpitations, and chest pain. They can be readily provoked by exercise. The disorder has inter- and intrafamilial variability ranging from benign to malignant forms with high risk of cardiac failure and sudden cardiac death. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Miscellaneous. Cardiac muscle Tn-C can bind 3 calcium ions per molecule. Domain I does not bind calcium.

Similarity. Belongs to the troponin C family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_003271* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR002048EF_hand_domDomain
IPR011992EF-hand-dom_pairHomologous_superfamily
IPR018247EF_Hand_1_Ca_BSBinding_site
IPR050230CALM/Myosin/TropC-likeFamily

Pfam: PF13499, PF13833

UniProt features (50 total): binding site 15, helix 9, strand 8, sequence variant 6, domain 4, turn 3, modified residue 2, sequence conflict 2, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

61 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDBMethodResolution (Å)
3SD6X-RAY DIFFRACTION1.37
4GJEX-RAY DIFFRACTION1.6
3SWBX-RAY DIFFRACTION1.67
7SC2X-RAY DIFFRACTION1.81
4GJFX-RAY DIFFRACTION1.9
4GJGX-RAY DIFFRACTION2
4Y99X-RAY DIFFRACTION2
1WRKX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.15
3RV5X-RAY DIFFRACTION2.2
7SC3X-RAY DIFFRACTION2.23
1WRLX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.6
1J1DX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.61
8FMOX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.61
8FMTX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.8
8FMNX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.1
8FMMX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.11
8FMRX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.24
8FMPX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.24
8FMQX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.25
1J1EX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.3
8FMSX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.44
6KN8ELECTRON MICROSCOPY4.8
7UTIELECTRON MICROSCOPY4.8
6KN7ELECTRON MICROSCOPY6.6
7UTLELECTRON MICROSCOPY6.6
1AP4SOLUTION NMR
1IH0SOLUTION NMR
1LXFSOLUTION NMR
1MXLSOLUTION NMR
1OZSSOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-P63316-F180.020.00

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (15): 105; 107; 109; 111; 116; 141; 143; 145; 147; 152; 65; 67

Post-translational modifications (2): 1, 98

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-390522Striated Muscle Contraction

MSigDB gene sets: 250 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD8A_DC_MCMV_INFECTION_UP, GOBP_CARDIAC_CHAMBER_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_MUSCLE_TISSUE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_CIRCULATORY_SYSTEM_PROCESS, GOBP_CARDIAC_CHAMBER_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_SKELETAL_MUSCLE_ADAPTATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_ATP_DEPENDENT_ACTIVITY, GOBP_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISMAL_MOVEMENT, MEF2_02, GGGTGGRR_PAX4_03, GOBP_SKELETAL_MUSCLE_CONTRACTION, CAGCTG_AP4_Q5, GNF2_MYL3, RODRIGUES_NTN1_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ACTIN_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (10): diaphragm contraction (GO:0002086), skeletal muscle contraction (GO:0003009), regulation of muscle contraction (GO:0006937), response to metal ion (GO:0010038), transition between fast and slow fiber (GO:0014883), muscle filament sliding (GO:0030049), regulation of muscle filament sliding speed (GO:0032972), ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis (GO:0055010), cardiac muscle contraction (GO:0060048), cardiac muscle cell contraction (GO:0086003)

GO Molecular Function (9): calcium ion binding (GO:0005509), troponin I binding (GO:0031013), troponin T binding (GO:0031014), protein homodimerization activity (GO:0042803), calcium-dependent protein binding (GO:0048306), actin filament binding (GO:0051015), protein binding (GO:0005515), cytoskeletal protein binding (GO:0008092), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (5): cytosol (GO:0005829), troponin complex (GO:0005861), sarcomere (GO:0030017), cardiac Troponin complex (GO:1990584), contractile muscle fiber (GO:0043292)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Muscle contraction1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
striated muscle contraction2
muscle contraction2
cytoskeletal protein binding2
protein binding2
cytoplasm2
cellular anatomical structure2
involuntary skeletal muscle contraction1
respiratory system process1
musculoskeletal movement1
regulation of muscle system process1
response to chemical1
regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation1
actin-myosin filament sliding1
regulation of muscle filament sliding1
regulation of biological quality1
cardiac ventricle morphogenesis1
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development1
cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis1
heart contraction1
cardiac muscle contraction1
actin-mediated cell contraction1
metal ion binding1
identical protein binding1
protein dimerization activity1
calcium ion binding1
actin binding1
protein-containing complex binding1
binding1
cation binding1
striated muscle thin filament1
protein-containing complex1
myofibril1
troponin complex1
intracellular membraneless organelle1
supramolecular fiber1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

27 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
TNNI1TNNC1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.700
TNNI3TNNC1psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)0.670
TNNI3TNNC1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
TNNC1TNNI3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
TNNC1TNNI2psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)0.590
TNNI2TNNC1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.590
NPPAVGFpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
TNNC1HSPA8psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
CDK1TNNC1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.370
POLR2GTNNC1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.370
TNNC1UBE2Cpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.370
TNNC1RBM15Bpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.370
TCP10LTNNC1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.370
TNNC1MYO1Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TNNC1KCNN4psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
CD33SPAG9psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
MFGE8MYH7Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
MRPS23MYH7Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
SCCPDHIPO5psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TTC4MYH7Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TNNI1TNNC1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.000

BioGRID (46): TNNT1 (Two-hybrid), TNNC1 (Biochemical Activity), TNNC1 (Reconstituted Complex), TNNC1 (Reconstituted Complex), TNNC1 (Reconstituted Complex), TNNI3 (Reconstituted Complex), TNNC1 (FRET), TNNI3 (FRET), TNNI1 (Two-hybrid), TNNC1 (Proximity Label-MS), TNNI3 (Co-crystal Structure), IQCD (Affinity Capture-MS), TNNI3 (Protein-peptide), MYO1B (Affinity Capture-MS), FBXO30 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: D2DGW3, O14008, P02585, P02586, P02587, P02588, P02589, P02591, P05936, P06706, P06707, P06708, P07461, P09860, P10246, P13833, P15159, P15845, P19123, P20801, P21797, P21798, P29289, P29290, P29291, P35622, P47947, P47948, P47949, P63315, P63316, P63317, P80322, P81660, Q09665, Q1A7B1, Q1A7B2, Q1A7B3, Q2R1Z5, Q39584

Diamond homologs: A2WN93, A2WNH1, A2Y609, A3E3H0, A3E4D8, A3E4F9, A4UHC0, A8CEP3, A8I1Q0, D2DGW3, O16305, O60041, O82018, O94739, O96081, O96102, O97341, P02585, P02586, P02587, P02588, P02589, P02591, P02597, P02598, P04352, P04353, P04464, P05419, P05933, P05936, P06706, P06707, P06708, P06787, P07463, P09860, P0DH95, P0DH96, P0DH97

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

395 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic5
Likely pathogenic6
Uncertain significance213
Likely benign133
Benign7

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (11)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
1297661NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.317+1G>APathogenic
1687145NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.454G>A (p.Glu152Lys)Pathogenic
2573114NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.100G>C (p.Gly34Arg)Pathogenic
2573165NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.12C>G (p.Ile4Met)Pathogenic
39832NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.91G>T (p.Ala31Ser)Pathogenic
1066522NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.168G>C (p.Glu56Asp)Likely pathogenic
12441NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.476G>A (p.Gly159Asp)Likely pathogenic
181564NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.290T>A (p.Leu97Gln)Likely pathogenic
181570NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.8A>T (p.Asp3Val)Likely pathogenic
235060NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.161C>A (p.Pro54His)Likely pathogenic
265272NM_003280.3(TNNC1):c.141G>T (p.Met47Ile)Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

632 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
3:52451385:GCTTA:Gdonor_loss1.0000
3:52451386:CTTAC:Cdonor_loss1.0000
3:52451387:TTA:Tdonor_loss1.0000
3:52451388:TACCA:Tdonor_loss1.0000
3:52451390:CCAT:Cdonor_gain1.0000
3:52451523:CATTT:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52451524:ATTT:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52451525:TTT:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52451526:TT:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52451526:TTC:Tacceptor_loss1.0000
3:52451527:TC:Tacceptor_loss1.0000
3:52451528:C:CAacceptor_loss1.0000
3:52451528:C:CCacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52451529:T:Aacceptor_loss1.0000
3:52451741:CACTT:Cdonor_loss1.0000
3:52451742:A:ACdonor_gain1.0000
3:52451743:C:Adonor_loss1.0000
3:52451743:C:CAdonor_gain1.0000
3:52451743:CTTGT:Cdonor_gain1.0000
3:52451777:T:TAdonor_gain1.0000
3:52452104:ACCGT:Adonor_gain1.0000
3:52452105:CCGTC:Cdonor_gain1.0000
3:52452108:T:TAdonor_gain1.0000
3:52452248:GAACT:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52452249:AACT:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52452250:ACT:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52452251:CT:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52452251:CTC:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52452252:TCT:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
3:52452253:C:CCacceptor_gain1.0000

AlphaMissense

1110 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
3:52451438:A:GL136P0.999
3:52451495:A:GL117P0.999
3:52451830:G:CF77L0.999
3:52451830:G:TF77L0.999
3:52451831:A:GF77S0.999
3:52451832:A:GF77L0.999
3:52452138:A:GL57P0.999
3:52452186:A:GL41P0.999
3:52452236:G:CF24L0.999
3:52452236:G:TF24L0.999
3:52452238:A:GF24L0.999
3:52451510:A:TI112N0.998
3:52451758:G:CF101L0.998
3:52451758:G:TF101L0.998
3:52451759:A:GF101S0.998
3:52451760:A:GF101L0.998
3:52451762:A:GL100P0.998
3:52451828:A:GL78P0.998
3:52452115:C:GD65H0.998
3:52452201:A:TI36N0.998
3:52451303:A:GF153S0.997
3:52451423:T:GD141A0.997
3:52451424:C:GD141H0.997
3:52451483:A:GL121P0.997
3:52451516:C:AG110V0.997
3:52451747:T:GD105A0.997
3:52451748:C:GD105H0.997
3:52451831:A:CF77C0.997
3:52451846:A:TV72E0.997
3:52452162:C:AG49V0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000067493 (3:52452461 C>A,T), RS1000792863 (3:52452995 C>T), RS1001747953 (3:52453097 T>C), RS1003456540 (3:52454209 C>A,T), RS1003762353 (3:52455912 C>T), RS1003796150 (3:52450768 C>A), RS1003856691 (3:52454835 C>T), RS1004053964 (3:52455148 C>T), RS1004396803 (3:52455308 G>A), RS1005720856 (3:52453819 C>G,T), RS1007000952 (3:52450939 G>A,C), RS1007416970 (3:52453041 A>G), RS1007743848 (3:52452401 G>C,T), RS1008677119 (3:52451506 G>T), RS1009830063 (3:52450848 A>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:191040 | disease phenotypes: MIM:611879, MIM:613243, MIM:613426

GenCC curated gene-disease

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
dilated cardiomyopathy 1ZDefinitiveAutosomal dominant
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyDefinitiveAutosomal dominant
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 13DefinitiveAutosomal dominant
familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathySupportiveAutosomal dominant
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathyNo Known Disease RelationshipAutosomal dominant

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (3)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyDefinitiveAD
dilated cardiomyopathy 1ZDefinitiveAD
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathyNo Known Disease RelationshipAD

Mondo (8): dilated cardiomyopathy 1Z (MONDO:0012745), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 13 (MONDO:0013195), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (MONDO:0005045), cardiomyopathy (MONDO:0004994), dilated cardiomyopathy 1S (MONDO:0013262), dilated cardiomyopathy (MONDO:0005021), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (MONDO:0016587), (MONDO:0015470)

Orphanet (5): Familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy (Orphanet:154), Rare hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Orphanet:217569), Rare cardiomyopathy (Orphanet:167848), Left ventricular noncompaction (Orphanet:54260), Dilated cardiomyopathy (Orphanet:217604)

HPO phenotypes

32 total (30 of 32 shown, HPO-id order):

HPOTerm
HP:0000006Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000407Sensorineural hearing impairment
HP:0000969Edema
HP:0001279Syncope
HP:0001635Congestive heart failure
HP:0001639Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HP:0001644Dilated cardiomyopathy
HP:0001645Sudden cardiac death
HP:0001663Ventricular fibrillation
HP:0001681Angina pectoris
HP:0001727Thromboembolic stroke
HP:0002094Dyspnea
HP:0002875Exertional dyspnea
HP:0003198Myopathy
HP:0003457EMG abnormality
HP:0003584Late onset
HP:0003596Middle age onset
HP:0003621Juvenile onset
HP:0005110Atrial fibrillation
HP:0005157Concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HP:0011462Young adult onset
HP:0011675Arrhythmia
HP:0011711Left anterior fascicular block
HP:0011712Complete right bundle branch block
HP:0012250ST segment depression
HP:0012378Fatigue
HP:0012664Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
HP:0012764Orthopnea
HP:0025169Left ventricular systolic dysfunction
HP:0100578Lipoatrophy

GWAS associations

6 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST001241_15Bipolar disorder2.000000e-06
GCST002149_14Schizophrenia1.000000e-08
GCST004521_123Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia3.000000e-12
GCST004521_201Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia4.000000e-08
GCST006950_52Feeling worry2.000000e-09
GCST90020025_1959Waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI1.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0009589worry measurement
EFO:0007788BMI-adjusted waist-hip ratio

MeSH disease descriptors (7)

DescriptorNameTree numbers
D019571Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular DysplasiaC14.240.400.145; C14.280.238.028; C14.280.400.145; C16.131.240.400.145
D009202CardiomyopathiesC14.280.238
D002311Cardiomyopathy, DilatedC14.280.195.160; C14.280.238.070; C16.320.488.750
D002312Cardiomyopathy, HypertrophicC14.280.238.100; C14.280.484.048.750.070.160
C563538Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1s (supp.)
C567506Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1z (supp.)
C567686Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 13 (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (2): CHEMBL2066 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL2095202 (PROTEIN COMPLEX)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

2 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 19,160 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

MoleculeNamePhasePatents
CHEMBL314854FINGOLIMOD416,015
CHEMBL2051955LEVOSIMENDAN33,145

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

90 potent at pChembl≥5 of 136 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChemblTypeValueUnitMolecule
6.78EC50164.6nMCHEMBL3195681
6.78EC50165.1nMCHEMBL1581326
6.72EC50190.7nMCHEMBL3195851
6.55EC50278.9nMCHEMBL1468444
6.54EC50286.9nMCHEMBL1379673
6.40EC50397nMCHEMBL1477915
6.38EC50413nMCHEMBL1398812
6.30EC50500.5nMCHEMBL1369691
6.29EC50515.8nMCHEMBL1573529
6.25IC50558.1nMPYROGALLOL RED
6.25EC50565.4nMCHEMBL3197404
6.21EC50615.4nMCHEMBL1388372
6.17IC50676.8nMCHEMBL1425538
6.13EC50742nMCHEMBL1604510
6.12EC50760.7nMCHEMBL1550816
6.07EC50852.9nMCHEMBL1725987
6.06EC50869.6nMCHEMBL1586687
5.96EC501101nMCHEMBL1975147
5.95EC501113nMCHEMBL1313968
5.94EC501143nMCHEMBL1429070
5.94EC501137nMCHEMBL1310204
5.92EC501209nMCHEMBL1713654
5.86EC501369nMCHEMBL1501273
5.84EC501438nMCHEMBL1977499
5.83EC501465nMCHEMBL1499258
5.82Kd1500nMCHEMBL169107
5.81EC501537nMCHEMBL1542169
5.81EC501548nMCHEMBL1574521
5.80EC501577nMCHEMBL1407632
5.79IC501640nMCHEMBL1563898
5.74IC501819nMCHEMBL1356785
5.74EC501830nMCHEMBL1586067
5.73EC501863nMCHEMBL1971695
5.73EC501878nMCHEMBL1576905
5.72Kd1900nMCHEMBL1191567
5.70EC501981nMCHEMBL1701437
5.69EC502022nMCHEMBL1466913
5.66EC502177nMCHEMBL1576602
5.65EC502218nMCHEMBL1462008
5.62Kd2400nMCHEMBL485099
5.62EC502385nMCHEMBL1540557
5.59EC502576nMCHEMBL1466606
5.59EC502574nMCHEMBL1725983
5.57IC502724nMCHEMBL1362935
5.57EC502706nMCHEMBL1557186
5.56EC502780nMCHEMBL2004884
5.54EC502901nMCHEMBL1547468
5.54EC502918nMCHEMBL1311198
5.50IC503191nMCHEMBL1601846
5.48Kd3300nMCHEMBL5430893

PubChem BioAssay actives

10 with measured affinity, of 23 total; 6 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

CompoundAssayTypeValueUnit
2-amino-2-[2-(4-nonylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol1993241: Binding affinity to human recombinant full length N-terminal Alexa647-NHS labeled cardiac troponin C expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 20 mins by microscale thermophoresis analysiskd1.5000uM
2-amino-2-[2-(4-decylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol1993241: Binding affinity to human recombinant full length N-terminal Alexa647-NHS labeled cardiac troponin C expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 20 mins by microscale thermophoresis analysiskd1.9000uM
2-amino-2-[2-(4-heptylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol1993242: Binding affinity to human BADAN labeled cardiac troponin C expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as dissociation constant in presence of Ca2+ by fluorescence based spectra analysiskd2.4000uM
2-amino-2-[2-(4-hexylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol1993242: Binding affinity to human BADAN labeled cardiac troponin C expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as dissociation constant in presence of Ca2+ by fluorescence based spectra analysiskd3.3000uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid1802895: Fluorescence Polarization Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.05.004: “Structure-based rational design of self-inhibitory peptides to disrupt the intermolecular interaction between the troponin subunits C and I in neuropathic pain.”kd4.2000uM
Fingolimod1993241: Binding affinity to human recombinant full length N-terminal Alexa647-NHS labeled cardiac troponin C expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 20 mins by microscale thermophoresis analysiskd5.0000uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

47 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrenedecreases methylation, increases expression, increases methylation4
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxinincreases expression, decreases reaction4
Doxorubicinaffects expression, increases expression2
Quercetindecreases expression, increases expression2
Tobacco Smoke Pollutiondecreases expression2
Particulate Matterincreases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression2
Esketaminedecreases expression1
dicrotophosdecreases expression1
methylmercuric chlorideincreases expression1
bisphenol Aincreases expression1
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphateaffects expression1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphatedecreases expression1
butyraldehydeincreases expression1
CGP 52608affects binding, increases reaction1
entinostatincreases expression1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamideaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
ormosilaffects binding, decreases expression1
dorsomorphinaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
incobotulinumtoxinAdecreases expression1
2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-(1,4)benzoquinonedecreases expression1
Resveratrolaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Sunitinibdecreases expression1
Vorinostataffects cotreatment, increases expression1
Air Pollutantsdecreases expression, increases abundance1
Calciumaffects binding1
Cycloheximidedecreases reaction, increases expression1
Succimeraffects cotreatment, increases expression1
Estradiolaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Ivermectindecreases expression1
Nickeldecreases expression1

ChEMBL screening assays

8 unique, capped per target: 8 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay IDTypeDescriptionSource paper
CHEMBL5346244BindingBinding affinity to human recombinant full length N-terminal Alexa647-NHS labeled cardiac troponin C expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 20 mins by microscale thermophoresis analysisSynthesis and Biophysical Characterization of Fingolimod Derivatives as Cardiac Troponin Antagonists. — ACS Med Chem Lett

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

327 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

TrialPhaseStatusTitle
NCT00879060PHASE4COMPLETEDClinical and Therapeutic Implications of Fibrosis in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT01721967PHASE4COMPLETEDRanolazine for the Treatment of Chest Pain in HCM Patients
NCT02948998PHASE4UNKNOWNEvaluating the Effect of Spironolactone on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT03249272PHASE4TERMINATEDMicrovascular Dysfunction in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: Insights From CMR Assessment of Coronary Flow Reserve
NCT04133532PHASE4COMPLETEDEffect of Metoprolol in Post Alcohol Septal Ablation Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT06401343PHASE4RECRUITINGUse of SGLT2i in noHCM With HFpEF
NCT07103655PHASE4NOT_YET_RECRUITINGThe Therapeutic Value of Mavacamten in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Mid-to-Apical Left Ventricular Obstruction
NCT07600177PHASE4RECRUITINGMavacamten to Aficamten Transition in Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT00348530PHASE4UNKNOWNCarvedilol Versus Verapamil in Chronic Heart Failure Secondary to Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
NCT00371891PHASE4COMPLETEDOntario Multidetector Computed Tomographic (MDCT) Coronary Angiography Study (OMCAS)
NCT00401856PHASE4COMPLETEDCMR to Assess Fibrosis in Cardiomyopathy Using Eplerenone
NCT00559338PHASE4COMPLETEDImpact of Nesiritide Infusion for Decompensated Heart Failure in the Emergency Department
NCT00606775PHASE4UNKNOWNThe Preventive Efficacy of Carvedilol on Cardiac Dysfunction in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
NCT00658203PHASE4COMPLETEDClinical Evaluation on Advanced Resynchronization
NCT00701220PHASE4COMPLETEDStatin Therapy for Ischemic and Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
NCT00800761PHASE4COMPLETEDIntensive Combined Chelation Therapy for Iron-Induced Cardiac Disease in Patients With Thalassemia Major
NCT00806390PHASE4TERMINATEDPrevention of Anthracycline or Trastuzumab Induced Cardiomyopathy by Metoprolol
NCT01006473PHASE4COMPLETEDExercise Training in Chagas Cardiomyopathy
NCT01261065PHASE4COMPLETEDMechanisms of Improvement With Beta-Blocker Treatment in Heart Failure
NCT01345188PHASE4COMPLETEDRanolazine in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
NCT01868841PHASE4COMPLETED123-I mIBG (AdreView) Heart-to-Mediastinal (H/M) Ratio and SPECT Imaging on a Small Field of View-High Efficiency Cardiac SPECT System
NCT02640846PHASE4UNKNOWNEffects of Levosimendan, Milrinone and Norepinephrine on Left and Right Ventricular Function in Septic Shock
NCT03228823PHASE4UNKNOWNProspective Assessment of Premature Ventricular Contractions Suppression in Cardiomyopathy(PAPS)
NCT04323852PHASE4COMPLETEDCan Vitamin D Reduce Heart Muscle Damage After Bypass Surgery?
NCT05034432PHASE4RECRUITINGThe PIVATAL Study -Study of Ventricular Arrhythmia (VTA) Ablation in Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Patients
NCT05718128PHASE4RECRUITINGClinical Study of Endocardial Myocardial Biopsy
NCT06964464PHASE4RECRUITINGComparative Effectiveness of Carvedilol Versus Metoprolol Succinate in Heart Failure Patients With an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
NCT00317967PHASE3COMPLETEDStudy to Determine if Atorvastatin Reduces Size and Stiffness of Muscle in the Left Ventricle of the Heart
NCT00698074PHASE3UNKNOWNDiastolic Ventricular Interaction and the Effects of Biventricular Pacing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT00821353PHASE3COMPLETEDAntiarrhythmic Therapy Versus Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT02431221PHASE3WITHDRAWNEfficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Perhexiline in Subjects With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure
NCT03470545PHASE3COMPLETEDClinical Study to Evaluate Mavacamten (MYK-461) in Adults With Symptomatic Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT05174416PHASE3COMPLETEDA Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Mavacamten in Chinese Adults With Symptomatic Obstructive HCM
NCT05182658PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGEmpagliflozin in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT05186818PHASE3COMPLETEDPhase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aficamten Compared to Placebo in Adults With Symptomatic oHCM
NCT05767346PHASE3COMPLETEDPhase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aficamten Compared to Metoprolol Succinate in Adults With Symptomatic oHCM
NCT06116968PHASE3COMPLETEDAn Open-Label Study of Aficamten for Chinese Patients With Symptomatic oHCM
NCT06873828PHASE3NOT_YET_RECRUITINGEvaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Wearable ECG (AT-Patch) in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Requiring 48-Hour Holter MonitoringEvaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Wearable ECG (AT-Patch) in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Requiring 48-Hour Holter Monitoring
NCT07021976PHASE3RECRUITINGA Phase III Trial of HRS-1893 in Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT07023341PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGA Study to Learn More About How Well Aficamten Works in Japanese Participants With Symptomatic Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy