TOMM7

gene
On this page

Also known as Tom7

Summary

TOMM7 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 7, HGNC:21648) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 7p15.3, encoding Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM7 homolog (Q9P0U1). Component of the translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria (TOM) complex essential for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins.

This gene encodes a subunit of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein regulates the assembly and stability of the translocase complex.

Source: NCBI Gene 54543 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • Gene–disease (curated): Garg-Mishra progeroid syndrome (Moderate, GenCC)
  • GWAS associations: 11
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 23 total — 2 pathogenic
  • Phenotypes (HPO): 30
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_019059

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:21648
Approved symbolTOMM7
Nametranslocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 7
Location7p15.3
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesTom7
Ensembl geneENSG00000196683
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM607980
Entrez54543

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 6 — 3 protein_coding, 2 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000358435, ENST00000372879, ENST00000405021, ENST00000463284, ENST00000483581, ENST00000496129

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_019059 NM_019059

CCDS: CCDS5376

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000358435 — 3 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000014102112281800022818048
ENSE000018640982282267722822849
ENSE000036381132281297422813185

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 295 present calls, max score 99.76.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 169.8676 / max 1507.4884, expressed in 1826 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
83092136.82231825
8309133.04531812

Top tissues by expression

295 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominisUBERON:000451199.76gold quality
medial globus pallidusUBERON:000247799.72gold quality
tendon of biceps brachiiUBERON:000818899.72gold quality
nucleus accumbensUBERON:000188299.71gold quality
diaphragmUBERON:000110399.68gold quality
left ovaryUBERON:000211999.68gold quality
pituitary glandUBERON:000000799.67gold quality
adenohypophysisUBERON:000219699.67gold quality
amygdalaUBERON:000187699.66gold quality
cerebellar cortexUBERON:000212999.65gold quality
cerebellar hemisphereUBERON:000224599.65gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscleUBERON:000425299.65gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellumUBERON:001489099.65gold quality
granulocyteCL:000009499.64gold quality
caudate nucleusUBERON:000187399.64gold quality
right frontal lobeUBERON:000281099.64gold quality
muscle of legUBERON:000138399.63gold quality
gastrocnemiusUBERON:000138899.63gold quality
cingulate cortexUBERON:000302799.63gold quality
anterior cingulate cortexUBERON:000983599.63gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colonUBERON:003580599.63gold quality
globus pallidusUBERON:000187599.62gold quality
apex of heartUBERON:000209899.62gold quality
tendonUBERON:000004399.61gold quality
endocervixUBERON:000045899.61gold quality
body of pancreasUBERON:000115099.61gold quality
right ovaryUBERON:000211899.61gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propriaUBERON:003584199.61gold quality
muscle organUBERON:000163099.60gold quality
right lungUBERON:000216799.60gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 17 experiment(s), a significant marker in 10.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-HCAD-4yes1502.96
E-MTAB-6701yes101.20
E-CURD-122yes81.39
E-CURD-88yes55.24
E-MTAB-9221yes53.30
E-CURD-46yes37.54
E-GEOD-135922yes28.59
E-GEOD-84465yes24.37
E-ANND-3yes16.15
E-MTAB-10042yes10.51
E-MTAB-10662no1515.61
E-MTAB-10018no1331.31
E-MTAB-8271no854.15
E-HCAD-1no92.05
E-HCAD-8no58.58

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

36 targeting TOMM7, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-8485100.0077.574731
HSA-MIR-314899.9775.066478
HSA-MIR-6778-3P99.9667.292693
HSA-MIR-141-3P99.9472.792421
HSA-MIR-200A-3P99.9472.682420
HSA-MIR-6721-5P99.9368.922981
HSA-MIR-205299.7969.372031
HSA-MIR-2681-5P99.7567.641655
HSA-MIR-120899.7068.281533
HSA-MIR-472999.6972.184233
HSA-MIR-7161-5P99.6868.921592
HSA-MIR-548U99.6567.781463
HSA-MIR-608399.4768.732393
HSA-MIR-548V99.2969.471157
HSA-MIR-7151-3P99.0469.722370
HSA-MIR-2467-3P98.6567.181969
HSA-MIR-6728-3P98.6367.631534
HSA-MIR-5581-3P98.5570.311161
HSA-MIR-3136-5P98.5367.68793
HSA-MIR-443998.5367.53793
HSA-MIR-443897.9663.70947
HSA-MIR-443297.8067.87705
HSA-MIR-63097.5066.38921
HSA-MIR-89097.4768.67982
HSA-MIR-6791-3P97.4564.311123
HSA-MIR-6829-3P97.4564.311137
HSA-MIR-134-5P97.1166.52976
HSA-MIR-311897.1166.58984
HSA-MIR-6836-3P97.0864.99712
HSA-MIR-6857-3P96.7065.43915

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 4)

  • Levels of Tom22 in mitochondria accelerate the rate of Tom7 assembly into the mature TOM complex. (PMID:12198123)
  • The human counterparts of Tom5 and Tom6, together with the other components including Tom7, were identified in the preprotein translocase complex. (PMID:18331822)
  • Mitochondrial membrane potential loss-dependent PINK1 import arrest does not result solely from Tim23 inactivation but also through an actively regulated “tug of war” between Tom7 and OMA1. (PMID:30733118)
  • The receptor subunit Tom20 is dynamically associated with the TOM complex in mitochondria of human cells. (PMID:34347503)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
mus_musculusTomm7ENSMUSG00000028998
rattus_norvegicusTomm7ENSRNOG00000043114

Protein

Protein identifiers

Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM7 homologQ9P0U1 (reviewed: Q9P0U1)

Alternative names: Translocase of outer membrane 7 kDa subunit homolog

All UniProt accessions (4): A6NIV2, B5MD00, Q9P0U1, Q75MR5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Component of the translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria (TOM) complex essential for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. The TOM complex associates with the ion channel VDAC2 and PINK1 kinase at depolarized mitochondria, this interaction stabilizes PINK1 at the outer mitochondrial membrane and triggers downstream mitophagy by the recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase PRKN.

Subunit / interactions. Part of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) consisting of at least TOMM5, TOMM6, TOMM7, TOMM20, TOMM22 and TOMM40. TOMM70 may also be found in the TOM complex. The TOM complex interacts with the VDAC2 homodimer. Upon mitochondrial depolarization, the TOM-VDAC assembly interacts with PINK1; the interaction stabilizes PINK1 at the outer mitochondrial membrane and triggers downstream mitophagy.

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion outer membrane.

Disease relevance. Garg-Mishra progeroid syndrome (GMPGS) [MIM:620601] An autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by a progeroid appearance, severe dwarfism, mandibular hypoplasia, hyperopia, and partial lipodystrophy. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Similarity. Belongs to the Tom7 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_061932* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR012621Tom7Family

Pfam: PF08038

UniProt features (10 total): topological domain 2, sequence variant 2, helix 2, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, sequence conflict 1, strand 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

12 structures.

PDBMethodResolution (Å)
7VD2ELECTRON MICROSCOPY2.53
7VBYELECTRON MICROSCOPY2.54
9EIIELECTRON MICROSCOPY2.75
9JXVELECTRON MICROSCOPY2.89
8XDNELECTRON MICROSCOPY2.93
7CP9ELECTRON MICROSCOPY3
9EIHELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.1
9EIJELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.3
7CK6ELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.4
7VC4ELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.74
7VDDELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.74
8XVAELECTRON MICROSCOPY5.92

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q9P0U1-F193.030.87

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-1268020Mitochondrial protein import
R-HSA-5205685PINK1-PRKN Mediated Mitophagy

MSigDB gene sets: 250 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_AUTOPHAGY, TGCGCANK_UNKNOWN, GOBP_PROTEIN_TARGETING, GOBP_ESTABLISHMENT_OF_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_ORGANELLE, ACEVEDO_LIVER_CANCER_WITH_H3K27ME3_UP, GOBP_MACROAUTOPHAGY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ESTABLISHMENT_OF_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_MEMBRANE, GOCC_MITOCHONDRIAL_ENVELOPE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ESTABLISHMENT_OF_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_MITOCHONDRION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_STABILITY, SCHLOSSER_SERUM_RESPONSE_DN, GOBP_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_ORGANELLE, GOBP_PROTEIN_TRANSMEMBRANE_TRANSPORT

GO Biological Process (6): protein import into mitochondrial matrix (GO:0030150), regulation of protein stability (GO:0031647), protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane (GO:0045040), obsolete positive regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion (GO:1903955), positive regulation of type 2 mitophagy (GO:1905091), protein transport (GO:0015031)

GO Molecular Function (2): transmembrane protein transporter activity (GO:0008320), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial outer membrane (GO:0005741), mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex (GO:0005742), TOM complex (GO:0140596), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Protein localization1
Mitophagy1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
protein transmembrane import into intracellular organelle1
protein localization to mitochondrion1
import into the mitochondrion1
mitochondrial protein import pathway1
regulation of biological quality1
outer mitochondrial membrane organization1
protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane1
type 2 mitophagy1
positive regulation of mitophagy1
regulation of type 2 mitophagy1
transport1
intracellular protein localization1
establishment of protein localization1
macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity1
protein transmembrane transport1
protein transporter activity1
binding1
cytoplasm1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle1
mitochondrial membrane1
organelle outer membrane1
outer mitochondrial membrane protein complex1
mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex1
cellular anatomical structure1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1668 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
TOMM7TOMM22Q9NS69999
TOMM7TOMM6Q96B49998
TOMM7TOMM70O94826997
TOMM7TOMM40O96008997
TOMM7TOMM5Q8N4H5997
TOMM7TOMM20Q15388996
TOMM7SAMM50Q9Y512745
TOMM7TIMM17AQ99595724
TOMM7TIMM9Q9Y5J7724
TOMM7TIMM10P62072719
TOMM7TIMM21Q9BVV7716
TOMM7TIMM44O43615715
TOMM7TIMM50Q3ZCQ8715
TOMM7PINK1Q9BXM7639
TOMM7TIMM13P62206637

IntAct

13 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
TOMM22TOMM40psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.740
TOMM7TOMM20psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
TOMM7TOMM22psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
TOMM22TOMM7psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
TOMM7Tomm22psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
TOMM7Tomm40psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
TOMM7TOMM40psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
SHLD3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
RYBPFAM186Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TOMM20TIMM44psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TOMM6TOMM40psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TOMM7AMY2Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350

BioGRID (31): TOMM7 (Two-hybrid), TOMM7 (Proximity Label-MS), TOMM7 (Proximity Label-MS), TOMM7 (Affinity Capture-MS), TOMM7 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMY2A (Affinity Capture-MS), TOMM40L (Affinity Capture-MS), TOMM7 (Affinity Capture-MS), TPP2 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), TOMM7 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), TOMM7 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), TOMM7 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), TOMM7 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), TOMM7 (Affinity Capture-MS), TOMM7 (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1XQS2, D3Z9R8, E2R4X3, E9PQ53, O14548, O60397, O82067, P14790, P34660, P46269, P46270, P56378, P56379, Q02827, Q1RMH3, Q29259, Q2KI08, Q3SZ13, Q3T061, Q3ZBI7, Q4V8S3, Q56JY4, Q5R987, Q5RDZ8, Q5XFV8, Q5ZML6, Q61387, Q63ZZ0, Q69YU5, Q78IK2, Q7SXI1, Q8BH51, Q8BTC1, Q8C1Q6, Q8N0X7, Q96B49, Q96I36, Q96IX5, Q96KF7, Q99KD6

Diamond homologs: A1XQS2, P34660, Q2KI08, Q9D173, Q9P0U1, O42999

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

AEffectBMechanism
TOMM7“form complex”“TOM40 complex”binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

23 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic2
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance8
Likely benign0
Benign0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
2628316NM_019059.5(TOMM7):c.86C>T (p.Pro29Leu)Pathogenic
3809502NM_019059.5(TOMM7):c.26_29del (p.Lys9fs)Pathogenic

SpliceAI

448 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
7:22813195:T:TCacceptor_gain1.0000
7:22818056:A:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
7:22822641:C:Adonor_gain1.0000
7:22822655:T:Adonor_gain1.0000
7:22822726:C:CAdonor_gain1.0000
7:22813195:T:Cacceptor_gain0.9900
7:22818055:C:CTacceptor_gain0.9900
7:22822640:T:TAdonor_gain0.9900
7:22822719:A:ACdonor_gain0.9900
7:22822720:C:CCdonor_gain0.9900
7:22822770:G:Cdonor_gain0.9900
7:22813186:C:CCacceptor_gain0.9800
7:22813197:G:Cacceptor_gain0.9800
7:22822727:C:Adonor_gain0.9800
7:22813191:A:ACacceptor_gain0.9700
7:22813191:A:Cacceptor_gain0.9700
7:22822675:AC:Adonor_gain0.9700
7:22822676:CC:Cdonor_gain0.9700
7:22822685:A:Cdonor_gain0.9700
7:22813181:GTAGG:Gacceptor_gain0.9600
7:22813182:TAGG:Tacceptor_gain0.9600
7:22813184:GG:Gacceptor_gain0.9600
7:22813194:T:Cacceptor_gain0.9600
7:22813197:G:GCacceptor_gain0.9600
7:22818045:AATCC:Aacceptor_loss0.9600
7:22818048:CCTGA:Cacceptor_loss0.9600
7:22818049:C:Aacceptor_loss0.9600
7:22818050:T:Cacceptor_loss0.9600
7:22822627:TCCGC:Tdonor_gain0.9600
7:22822628:CCGCC:Cdonor_gain0.9600

AlphaMissense

353 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
7:22822704:C:GG26R0.995
7:22822707:A:GW25R0.994
7:22822707:A:TW25R0.994
7:22822715:G:TA22D0.994
7:22822677:C:GG35R0.991
7:22822677:C:TG35R0.991
7:22818048:C:TG35E0.990
7:22822703:C:TG26D0.990
7:22822700:A:GF27S0.989
7:22822699:A:CF27L0.987
7:22822699:A:TF27L0.987
7:22822701:A:GF27L0.987
7:22822694:G:CP29R0.986
7:22822694:G:TP29H0.985
7:22822723:G:CS19R0.984
7:22822723:G:TS19R0.984
7:22822725:T:GS19R0.984
7:22818045:A:GF36S0.976
7:22822753:C:AK9N0.976
7:22822753:C:GK9N0.976
7:22822679:A:GL34P0.974
7:22813175:C:GG55R0.973
7:22813175:C:TG55R0.973
7:22822695:G:AP29S0.971
7:22822745:A:GL12P0.971
7:22813180:A:TL53H0.969
7:22822683:A:CY33D0.968
7:22822685:A:TI32N0.968
7:22822697:A:TI28N0.967
7:22818006:A:TV49D0.966

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000007337 (7:22813669 T>C), RS1000033766 (7:22818146 G>A,C,T), RS1000059989 (7:22813263 A>C), RS1000145124 (7:22823949 C>A), RS1000322421 (7:22823439 T>G), RS1000438390 (7:22823686 G>A), RS1000516642 (7:22824253 C>A), RS1001058061 (7:22819408 G>A), RS1001487029 (7:22818664 T>C,G), RS1001534710 (7:22824770 C>G,T), RS1001610101 (7:22824329 A>C,G), RS1001855623 (7:22818983 A>G), RS1002062431 (7:22815823 TAAAAAA>T,TAAAAA,TAAAAAAA,TAAAAAAAA), RS1002170844 (7:22821285 C>A,G), RS1002381369 (7:22814095 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607980 | disease phenotypes: MIM:620601

GenCC curated gene-disease

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
Garg-Mishra progeroid syndromeModerateAutosomal recessive

Mondo (1): Garg-Mishra progeroid syndrome (MONDO:0957953)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

30 total (30 of 30 shown, HPO-id order):

HPOTerm
HP:0000007Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000325Triangular face
HP:0000337Broad forehead
HP:0000347Micrognathia
HP:0000414Bulbous nose
HP:0000426Prominent nasal bridge
HP:0000568Microphthalmia
HP:0000639Nystagmus
HP:0000678Dental crowding
HP:0000774Narrow chest
HP:0000883Thin ribs
HP:0000926Platyspondyly
HP:0000957Cafe-au-lait spot
HP:0001169Broad palm
HP:0001252Hypotonia
HP:0001414Microvesicular hepatic steatosis
HP:0001792Small nail
HP:0002673Coxa valga
HP:0003100Slender long bone
HP:0003300Ovoid vertebral bodies
HP:0003593Infantile onset
HP:0004322Short stature
HP:0004474Persistent open anterior fontanelle
HP:0005484Secondary microcephaly
HP:0006236Slender metacarpals
HP:0007663Reduced visual acuity
HP:0008070Sparse hair
HP:0008499High hypermetropia
HP:0008897Postnatal growth retardation
HP:0025435Increased circulating lactate dehydrogenase concentration

GWAS associations

11 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST002147_24Fibrinogen7.000000e-09
GCST003194_20Fibrinogen levels5.000000e-09
GCST004121_30Fibrinogen levels3.000000e-08
GCST004122_4Fibrinogen levels3.000000e-07
GCST007798_82Asthma3.000000e-06
GCST007800_90Asthma (childhood onset)3.000000e-08
GCST007994_18Asthma (age of onset)8.000000e-06
GCST007995_51Asthma (childhood onset)5.000000e-10
GCST009391_1109Metabolite levels6.000000e-06
GCST009798_59Asthma3.000000e-10
GCST90014325_33Asthma2.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:00104483-hydroxyphenylacetic acid measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

28 total (human), top 28 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
bisphenol Aaffects expression, decreases expression2
sodium arsenitedecreases expression, decreases methylation, increases expression2
Valproic Acidaffects cotreatment, increases expression2
Particulate Matteraffects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance2
dicrotophosdecreases expression1
beauvericinaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
arseniteaffects binding, increases reaction1
isobutyl alcoholdecreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acidincreases expression1
CD 437decreases expression1
chloropicrinincreases expression1
enniatinsaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
3-(4’-hydroxy-3’-adamantylbiphenyl-4-yl)acrylic aciddecreases expression1
Arsenic Trioxideaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Ethanoldecreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment1
Ascorbic Aciddecreases expression, affects cotreatment1
Atrazinedecreases expression1
Diurondecreases expression1
Doxorubicinincreases expression1
Gasolineaffects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance1
Hydralazineaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
Leadaffects expression1
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbonsdecreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment1
Rotenoneincreases expression1
Seleniumdecreases expression1
Aflatoxin B1decreases methylation1
Antirheumatic Agentsincreases expression1
Copper Sulfatedecreases expression1

Cellosaurus cell lines

3 cell lines: 2 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_B3JUAbcam HEK293T TOMM7 KOTransformed cell lineFemale
CVCL_TT26HAP1 TOMM7 (-) 1Cancer cell lineMale
CVCL_TT27HAP1 TOMM7 (-) 2Cancer cell lineMale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.