TRAK2

gene
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Also known as CALS-CKIAA0549GRIF-1OIP98MILT2

Summary

TRAK2 (trafficking kinesin protein 2, HGNC:13206) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 2q33.1, encoding Trafficking kinesin-binding protein 2 (O60296). May regulate endosome-to-lysosome trafficking of membrane cargo, including EGFR.

Predicted to enable GABA receptor binding activity and myosin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including mitochondrion distribution; protein O-linked glycosylation; and vesicle transport along microtubule. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; nucleus; and plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasmic vesicle; dendrite; and mitochondrion.

Source: NCBI Gene 66008 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • GWAS associations: 2
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 140 total
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_015049

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:13206
Approved symbolTRAK2
Nametrafficking kinesin protein 2
Location2q33.1
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesCALS-C, KIAA0549, GRIF-1, OIP98, MILT2
Ensembl geneENSG00000115993
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM607334
Entrez66008

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 17 — 15 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000332624, ENST00000430254, ENST00000440597, ENST00000451703, ENST00000486291, ENST00000861746, ENST00000861747, ENST00000861748, ENST00000861749, ENST00000861750, ENST00000861751, ENST00000861752, ENST00000861753, ENST00000972035, ENST00000972036, ENST00000972037, ENST00000972038

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_015049 NM_015049

CCDS: CCDS2347

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000332624 — 16 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE00000784650201384111201384216
ENSE00000784651201386218201386484
ENSE00000784652201387703201388001
ENSE00000784653201389300201389503
ENSE00000784654201392909201393046
ENSE00000784655201394798201394872
ENSE00000784656201395314201395444
ENSE00000784657201397502201397580
ENSE00000934587201401018201401094
ENSE00000934588201399377201399493
ENSE00000934589201398145201398354
ENSE00000934590201389801201389880
ENSE00001315209201377207201381218
ENSE00001662139201451350201451458
ENSE00002435966201407403201407597
ENSE00003686006201420417201420706

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 290 present calls, max score 99.08.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 32.5582 / max 1305.9128, expressed in 1804 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (10 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
3323121.72311790
332329.60101664
332250.3776100
332330.2723120
332290.201317
332260.132641
332340.120145
332270.058312
332280.03769
332300.03429

Top tissues by expression

294 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerveUBERON:000287099.08gold quality
cranial nerve IIUBERON:000094198.95gold quality
trabecular bone tissueUBERON:000248398.87gold quality
tendon of biceps brachiiUBERON:000818898.72gold quality
choroid plexus epitheliumUBERON:000391198.71gold quality
inferior olivary complexUBERON:000212798.53gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cordUBERON:000646998.50gold quality
spinal cordUBERON:000224098.34gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglionUBERON:000536398.34gold quality
medulla oblongataUBERON:000189697.84gold quality
heart right ventricleUBERON:000208097.67gold quality
subthalamic nucleusUBERON:000190697.58gold quality
corpus callosumUBERON:000233697.57gold quality
medial globus pallidusUBERON:000247797.08gold quality
ponsUBERON:000098896.91gold quality
secondary oocyteCL:000065596.87gold quality
superior vestibular nucleusUBERON:000722796.79gold quality
globus pallidusUBERON:000187596.74gold quality
myocardiumUBERON:000234996.37gold quality
left ventricle myocardiumUBERON:000656696.12gold quality
periodontal ligamentUBERON:000826695.90gold quality
midbrainUBERON:000189195.86gold quality
substantia nigraUBERON:000203895.79gold quality
blood vessel layerUBERON:000479795.78gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamusUBERON:000189795.71gold quality
corpus epididymisUBERON:000435995.68gold quality
ventral tegmental areaUBERON:000269195.64gold quality
saphenous veinUBERON:000731895.55gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulataUBERON:000196695.11gold quality
tendonUBERON:000004394.99gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 5 experiment(s), a significant marker in 4.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-CURD-112yes49.33
E-MTAB-10042yes23.13
E-MTAB-9221yes10.93
E-ANND-3yes7.43
E-MTAB-9467no0.93

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

178 targeting TRAK2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6833-3P100.0070.633197
HSA-MIR-4768-5P100.0069.492861
HSA-MIR-3134100.0066.43777
HSA-MIR-29A-3P100.0073.111835
HSA-MIR-29B-3P100.0073.181833
HSA-MIR-29C-3P100.0073.151833
HSA-MIR-6873-3P100.0071.422626
HSA-MIR-4673100.0066.641490
HSA-MIR-518D-5P100.0067.51979
HSA-MIR-518E-5P100.0067.66954
HSA-MIR-518F-5P100.0067.51979
HSA-MIR-519A-5P100.0067.66954
HSA-MIR-519B-5P100.0067.66954
HSA-MIR-519C-5P100.0067.66954
HSA-MIR-520C-5P100.0067.51979
HSA-MIR-522-5P100.0067.66954
HSA-MIR-523-5P100.0067.66954
HSA-MIR-526A-5P100.0067.51979
HSA-LET-7A-3P100.0074.033932
HSA-LET-7B-3P100.0074.083913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P100.0074.023928
HSA-MIR-98-3P100.0074.083907
HSA-MIR-4283100.0066.422097
HSA-MIR-4262100.0073.263931
HSA-MIR-366299.9973.825684
HSA-MIR-548C-3P99.9974.017587
HSA-MIR-428299.9975.366408
HSA-MIR-4789-3P99.9970.752484
HSA-MIR-513B-5P99.9969.962150
HSA-MIR-1213699.9872.815713

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 11)

  • identification, molecular cloning and characterization (PMID:12034717)
  • GRIF-1 and OIP106 have roles in protein and/or organelle transport in excitable cells in a manner analogous to glutamate receptor-interacting-protein 1 (PMID:15644324)
  • analysis of the GRIF-1 binding domain of the kinesin, KIF5C, which substantiates a role for GRIF-1 as an adaptor protein in the anterograde trafficking of cargoes (PMID:16835241)
  • Binds to Kir2.1 and facilitates trafficking of this channel to the cell surface. (PMID:16895905)
  • These data suggest that Miro1 and the kinesin adaptor Grif-1 play an important role in regulating mitochondrial transport in neurons. (PMID:19103291)
  • The results of this study established a key role for mammalian TRAK2 proteins in axonal and dendritic targeting of mitochondria. (PMID:23395375)
  • This study showed that the TRAK2 was more prevalent in dendrites of hippocampal neurons. In cortical neurons, TRAK2 was equally distributed between axons and dendrites. (PMID:25653102)
  • Full-length APC promotes assembly of the Miro-1/Milton-2 complex. (PMID:26658612)
  • TRAK2 is a novel regulator of LXR-mediated ABCA1 expression, cholesterol efflux, and HDL biogenesis. TRAK2 may therefore be an important target in the development of anti-atherosclerotic therapies. (PMID:28655204)
  • miR-487b and TRAK2 that form an axis to regulate the aggressiveness of osteosarcoma, are potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers. (PMID:32267991)
  • Mitochondrial adaptor TRAK2 activates and functionally links opposing kinesin and dynein motors. (PMID:34321481)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriotrak2ENSDARG00000102471
mus_musculusTrak2ENSMUSG00000026028
rattus_norvegicusTrak2ENSRNOG00000010881
drosophila_melanogastermiltFBGN0262872
caenorhabditis_eleganstrak-1WBGENE00020838

Paralogs (2): HAP1 (ENSG00000173805), TRAK1 (ENSG00000182606)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Trafficking kinesin-binding protein 2O60296 (reviewed: O60296)

Alternative names: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 chromosomal region candidate gene 3 protein

All UniProt accessions (2): O60296, Q53RS6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May regulate endosome-to-lysosome trafficking of membrane cargo, including EGFR.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with GABA-A receptor and O-GlcNAc transferase. Interacts with HGS. Interacts with RHOT1/Miro-1 and RHOT2/Miro-2.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Early endosome. Mitochondrion.

Tissue specificity. Widely expressed, with highest expression in heart.

Post-translational modifications. O-glycosylated.

Similarity. Belongs to the milton family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt IDNamesCanonical?
O60296-11yes
O60296-22

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_055864* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR006933HAP1_NDomain
IPR022154TRAK1/2_CDomain
IPR051946Intracell_Traff-RegFamily

Pfam: PF04849, PF12448

UniProt features (16 total): region of interest 4, sequence variant 3, compositionally biased region 3, splice variant 2, chain 1, domain 1, modified residue 1, coiled-coil region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-O60296-F161.180.24

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 420

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-9013419RHOT2 GTPase cycle
R-HSA-9013425RHOT1 GTPase cycle

MSigDB gene sets: 293 (showing top): GOBP_DENDRITE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_AXO_DENDRITIC_TRANSPORT, GOBP_LYSOSOMAL_TRANSPORT, GOBP_VESICLE_LOCALIZATION, AREB6_03, GOBP_ENDOSOME_TO_LYSOSOME_TRANSPORT, GOBP_PROTEIN_TARGETING, IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_MATURE_CELL, GOBP_VACUOLAR_TRANSPORT, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, TGACCTY_ERR1_Q2, GOBP_VESICLE_MEDIATED_TRANSPORT, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_NERVOUS_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_ORGANELLE_TRANSPORT_ALONG_MICROTUBULE

GO Biological Process (10): regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0006357), protein O-linked glycosylation (GO:0006493), protein targeting (GO:0006605), endosome to lysosome transport (GO:0008333), neurogenesis (GO:0022008), vesicle transport along microtubule (GO:0047496), mitochondrion distribution (GO:0048311), dendrite morphogenesis (GO:0048813), negative regulation of axonogenesis (GO:0050771), dendritic transport of mitochondrion (GO:0098939)

GO Molecular Function (7): signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), myosin binding (GO:0017022), kinesin binding (GO:0019894), enzyme binding (GO:0019899), TPR domain binding (GO:0030911), GABA receptor binding (GO:0050811), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (12): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), early endosome (GO:0005769), cytosol (GO:0005829), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), dendrite (GO:0030425), cytoplasmic vesicle (GO:0031410), dendrite cytoplasm (GO:0032839), neuronal cell body (GO:0043025), axonal growth cone (GO:0044295), endosome (GO:0005768)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Miro GTPase Cycle2

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
cytoplasm3
protein binding2
cytoskeletal protein binding2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle2
cellular anatomical structure2
regulation of DNA-templated transcription1
transcription by RNA polymerase II1
glycoprotein biosynthetic process1
establishment of protein localization1
lysosomal transport1
intercellular transport1
vesicle-mediated transport1
nervous system development1
cell differentiation1
organelle transport along microtubule1
vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking1
mitochondrion localization1
dendrite development1
cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation1
neuron projection morphogenesis1
axonogenesis1
negative regulation of neuron projection development1
negative regulation of neurogenesis1
regulation of axonogenesis1
dendrite cytoplasm1
mitochondrion transport along microtubule1
dendritic transport1
protein domain specific binding1
signaling receptor binding1
binding1
intracellular anatomical structure1
endosome1
membrane1
cell periphery1
neuron projection1
dendritic tree1
intracellular vesicle1
dendrite1
neuron projection cytoplasm1
somatodendritic compartment1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

808 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
TRAK2RHOT1Q8IXI2995
TRAK2RHOT2Q8IXI1988
TRAK2STRADBQ9C0K7908
TRAK2TRAK1Q9UPV9858
TRAK2ARMCX3Q9UH62845
TRAK2MYO19Q96H55796
TRAK2MFN2O95140792
TRAK2KIF5CO60282789
TRAK2OGTO15294782
TRAK2KIF5AQ12840715
TRAK2SNPHO15079708
TRAK2MYO10Q9HD67701
TRAK2ALS2Q96Q42690
TRAK2KIF5BP33176675
TRAK2MFN1Q8IWA4653

IntAct

13 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
TRAK2OGTpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
KXD1HIP1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
KXD1TRAK2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
GSK3BSEC16Apsi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)0.420
Xpo1IFT56psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
NEK4E2F8psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
Mpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TOMM22DNM1Lpsi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)0.270
TRAK2psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.000

BioGRID (122): ACAD11 (Affinity Capture-MS), OGT (Affinity Capture-MS), KLC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLC4 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRKAG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PLK1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CKAP2 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF1B (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF5C (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF5B (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF5A (Affinity Capture-MS), RHOT1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GSK3B (Affinity Capture-MS), GSK3A (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1L8GUX5, A0A1L8GXY6, A0A1W2P884, A2CE83, B8A5S6, E7F5E1, F7DP49, H2MTR9, O08970, O35711, O60296, P27628, P53564, P60853, Q0VF96, Q28GJ0, Q2KJD6, Q3UIJ9, Q4V7D3, Q5BIX7, Q5R923, Q5SXA9, Q5SZL2, Q5U2Y9, Q5U4W1, Q5ZLT3, Q6AW69, Q6DIS8, Q6DJR2, Q6NRW2, Q6NXJ0, Q6P402, Q6PCQ0, Q6PD31, Q7TQE6, Q80ST9, Q86W92, Q8BMK0, Q8C8U0, Q8CFC9

Diamond homologs: O35668, O60296, P54256, P54257, Q6PD31, Q9UPV9, Q6GLX3, Q8R2H7, Q960V3

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

AEffectBMechanism
KIF5C“up-regulates activity”TRAK2binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

140 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic0
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance114
Likely benign4
Benign4

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2901 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
2:201384230:T:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
2:201386215:CA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
2:201386216:A:Tdonor_loss1.0000
2:201386225:TGGTC:Tdonor_gain1.0000
2:201386485:C:CCacceptor_gain1.0000
2:201386491:A:ACacceptor_gain1.0000
2:201386491:A:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
2:201387690:A:ACdonor_gain1.0000
2:201387691:C:CCdonor_gain1.0000
2:201387837:ACT:Adonor_gain1.0000
2:201387838:CTC:Cdonor_gain1.0000
2:201387843:T:Adonor_gain1.0000
2:201389309:T:TAdonor_gain1.0000
2:201389324:C:Adonor_gain1.0000
2:201389799:A:ACdonor_gain1.0000
2:201389800:C:CTdonor_gain1.0000
2:201389800:CT:Cdonor_gain1.0000
2:201389800:CTT:Cdonor_gain1.0000
2:201389800:CTTTT:Cdonor_gain1.0000
2:201392903:GCTT:Gdonor_loss1.0000
2:201392904:CTTA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
2:201392906:TACCC:Tdonor_loss1.0000
2:201392907:A:ACdonor_gain1.0000
2:201392907:AC:Adonor_gain1.0000
2:201392907:ACC:Adonor_gain1.0000
2:201392907:ACCC:Adonor_gain1.0000
2:201392908:C:Adonor_loss1.0000
2:201392908:C:CCdonor_gain1.0000
2:201392908:CC:Cdonor_gain1.0000
2:201392908:CCC:Cdonor_gain1.0000

AlphaMissense

5959 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
2:201398344:A:GL164P0.999
2:201399450:A:GL136P0.999
2:201399465:C:GR131P0.999
2:201399474:A:GL128P0.999
2:201386462:C:AW573C0.998
2:201386462:C:GW573C0.998
2:201386464:A:GW573R0.998
2:201386464:A:TW573R0.998
2:201398332:A:GL168P0.998
2:201399454:C:GA135P0.998
2:201399459:C:TG133E0.998
2:201399469:C:GA130P0.998
2:201399472:C:GA129P0.998
2:201399480:A:GL126P0.998
2:201401028:A:GL118P0.998
2:201387726:A:GL558S0.997
2:201397528:A:GL248P0.997
2:201398152:C:GR228P0.997
2:201398311:A:GL175P0.997
2:201399441:C:GR139P0.997
2:201399486:C:GR124P0.997
2:201387717:A:TV561D0.996
2:201394808:A:GL322P0.996
2:201394838:A:GL312P0.996
2:201394850:A:GL308P0.996
2:201395333:A:GL294P0.996
2:201397536:T:AE245D0.996
2:201397536:T:GE245D0.996
2:201398155:A:GL227P0.996
2:201398185:A:GL217P0.996

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000025372 (2:201450448 C>T), RS1000050642 (2:201435238 T>C), RS1000114899 (2:201395077 T>C), RS1000195905 (2:201431760 T>A), RS1000206895 (2:201406710 C>A,T), RS1000209473 (2:201422529 T>C), RS1000261998 (2:201422813 C>T), RS1000299005 (2:201392108 A>G), RS1000353319 (2:201379686 C>T), RS1000384460 (2:201380009 C>A), RS1000409513 (2:201399756 G>A), RS1000415428 (2:201433964 T>C), RS1000470393 (2:201391878 C>T), RS1000486148 (2:201442360 C>T), RS1000593834 (2:201405415 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607334 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST009387_2Cocaine use disorder x change in residence interaction3.000000e-08
GCST009665_1Breast cancer2.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0010445cocaine use disorder
EFO:0010552social environment measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

38 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
Valproic Acidincreases expression, affects cotreatment6
Phenylmercuric Acetateaffects cotreatment, increases expression2
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxidedecreases expression, increases expression2
FR900359decreases phosphorylation1
triphenyl phosphateaffects expression1
uranyl acetateaffects expression1
afimoxifenedecreases expression1
sodium arseniteincreases expression1
cobaltous chlorideincreases expression1
ochratoxin Adecreases acetylation, decreases expression1
ferrous chloridedecreases expression1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamideincreases expression, affects cotreatment1
14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolidedecreases expression1
abrinedecreases expression1
dorsomorphinaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
jinfukangaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
Temozolomidedecreases expression1
Sunitinibincreases expression1
Fulvestrantdecreases expression1
Acetaminophenincreases expression1
Air Pollutantsdecreases expression, increases abundance1
Atrazinedecreases expression1
Cadmiumincreases abundance, increases expression1
Cannabidioldecreases expression1
Cisplatinaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
Doxorubicindecreases expression1
Estradiolincreases expression1
Leadaffects splicing1
Methyl Methanesulfonateincreases expression1
Silicon Dioxidedecreases expression1

Cellosaurus cell lines

1 cell lines: 1 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_E0S5Ubigene HeLa TRAK2 KOCancer cell lineFemale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

No linked Atlas pages yet — the cross-entity mesh grows as the corpus expands.