TRAPPC14

gene
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Also known as FLJ10925

Summary

TRAPPC14 (trafficking protein particle complex subunit 14, HGNC:25604) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 7q22.1, encoding Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 14 (Q8WVR3). Specific subunit of the TRAPP (transport protein particle) II complex, a highly conserved vesicle tethering complex that functions in late Golgi trafficking as a membrane tether.

Enables alpha-tubulin binding activity. Involved in cilium assembly and regulation of cell population proliferation. Located in several cellular components, including microtubule cytoskeleton; midbody; and plasma membrane. Part of TRAPPII protein complex. Implicated in primary autosomal recessive microcephaly 25.

Source: NCBI Gene 55262 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • Gene–disease (curated): autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (Supportive, GenCC)
  • GWAS associations: 8
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 24 total — 1 pathogenic
  • Phenotypes (HPO): 26
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_018275

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:25604
Approved symbolTRAPPC14
Nametrafficking protein particle complex subunit 14
Location7q22.1
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesFLJ10925
Ensembl geneENSG00000146826
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM618350
Entrez55262

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 12 — 5 protein_coding, 4 nonsense_mediated_decay, 3 retained_intron

ENST00000316937, ENST00000394035, ENST00000419037, ENST00000419841, ENST00000448720, ENST00000456769, ENST00000457641, ENST00000470260, ENST00000472061, ENST00000498638, ENST00000950372, ENST00000950373

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_018275 NM_001303470, NM_018275

CCDS: CCDS5687, CCDS78261

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000316937 — 11 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE00000977581100156386100156549
ENSE00001133319100157843100157938
ENSE00001256353100158089100158723
ENSE00003514065100157373100157459
ENSE00003552586100157094100157214
ENSE00003631654100155671100155825
ENSE00003641453100157633100157762
ENSE00003665601100156634100156716
ENSE00003669291100156845100156992
ENSE00003672975100155262100155455
ENSE00003845176100154423100155164

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 262 present calls, max score 96.11.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 21.8585 / max 352.0826, expressed in 1809 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
8516421.85851809

Top tissues by expression

283 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
mucosa of transverse colonUBERON:000499196.11gold quality
granulocyteCL:000009495.62gold quality
right testisUBERON:000453494.35gold quality
left testisUBERON:000453394.20gold quality
spleenUBERON:000210694.04gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellumUBERON:001489093.63gold quality
cerebellar hemisphereUBERON:000224593.10gold quality
cerebellar cortexUBERON:000212993.01gold quality
bloodUBERON:000017892.51gold quality
metanephros cortexUBERON:001053392.28gold quality
adenohypophysisUBERON:000219692.26gold quality
transverse colonUBERON:000115792.19gold quality
skin of abdomenUBERON:000141692.16gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patchUBERON:000345491.98gold quality
cerebellumUBERON:000203791.74gold quality
testisUBERON:000047391.59gold quality
lower esophagus mucosaUBERON:003583491.37gold quality
cervix squamous epitheliumUBERON:000692291.36silver quality
pituitary glandUBERON:000000791.15gold quality
skin of legUBERON:000151191.11gold quality
right lobe of thyroid glandUBERON:000111991.09gold quality
lymph nodeUBERON:000002990.95gold quality
body of stomachUBERON:000116190.93gold quality
right frontal lobeUBERON:000281089.98gold quality
left lobe of thyroid glandUBERON:000112089.95gold quality
small intestineUBERON:000210889.86gold quality
esophagus mucosaUBERON:000246989.76gold quality
tendon of biceps brachiiUBERON:000818889.51silver quality
minor salivary glandUBERON:000183089.48gold quality
right lobe of liverUBERON:000111489.30gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-ANND-3no2.73

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

58 targeting TRAPPC14, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-30A-5P100.0076.313233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P100.0076.293248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P100.0076.293248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P100.0076.323233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P100.0076.323242
HSA-MIR-302E99.9670.742669
HSA-MIR-205-3P99.9269.923165
HSA-MIR-106A-5P99.9073.942683
HSA-MIR-17-5P99.8973.832665
HSA-MIR-302A-3P99.8971.231777
HSA-MIR-302B-3P99.8971.231777
HSA-MIR-302C-3P99.8971.201778
HSA-MIR-302D-3P99.8971.251777
HSA-MIR-106B-5P99.8874.722795
HSA-MIR-20A-5P99.8874.762769
HSA-MIR-20B-5P99.8874.012621
HSA-MIR-519D-3P99.8873.972607
HSA-MIR-526B-3P99.8874.062587
HSA-MIR-93-5P99.8873.982606
HSA-MIR-4728-5P99.8569.394718
HSA-MIR-607999.8468.541170
HSA-MIR-373-3P99.8470.681668
HSA-MIR-520E-3P99.8470.551698
HSA-MIR-372-3P99.8370.581691
HSA-MIR-520A-3P99.8370.591687
HSA-MIR-520B-3P99.8370.561699
HSA-MIR-520C-3P99.8370.561699
HSA-MIR-520D-3P99.8370.781676
HSA-MIR-6785-5P99.8268.684428
HSA-MIR-431999.7669.832586

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 1)

  • C7orf43 directly binds to Rabin8 and that C7orf43 knockdown diminishes Rabin8 preciliary centrosome accumulation. (PMID:31467083)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriotrappc14ENSDARG00000078891
mus_musculusTrappc14ENSMUSG00000036948
rattus_norvegicusTrappc14ENSRNOG00000039214

Protein

Protein identifiers

Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 14Q8WVR3 (reviewed: Q8WVR3)

Alternative names: Microtubule-associated protein 11

All UniProt accessions (6): Q8WVR3, B3KNS5, C9JMZ9, E9PFF9, F8WFE0, H7C1F8

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Specific subunit of the TRAPP (transport protein particle) II complex, a highly conserved vesicle tethering complex that functions in late Golgi trafficking as a membrane tether. TRAPP II complex also has GEF activity toward RAB1A. TRAPPC14 is dispensable for TRAPPII complex integrity but mediates RAB3IP preciliary vesicle trafficking to the mother centriole during ciliogenesis. Modulates YAP1 activity as transcriptional regulator.

Subunit / interactions. Component of the multisubunit TRAPP II complex, which includes at least TRAPPC1, TRAPPC2, TRAPPC2L, TRAPPC3, TRAPPC4, TRAPPC5, TRAPPC6A/B, TRAPPC9, TRAPPC10 and TRAPPC14. TRAPPC9, TRAPPC10 and TRAPPC14 are specific subunits of the TRAPP II complex. Interacts with alpha-tubulin during mitosis. Interacts with RAB3IP (via the N-terminal region); this interaction mediates RAB3IP association with the TRAPP II complex. Interacts with TRAPPC10. Interacts with FBF1.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Spindle. Vesicle. Midbody.

Tissue specificity. Broadly expressed. High levels in brain, cerebellum, testis and whole blood.

Disease relevance. Microcephaly 25, primary, autosomal recessive (MCPH25) [MIM:618351] A form of microcephaly, a disease defined as a head circumference more than 3 standard deviations below the age, sex and ethnically matched mean. Brain weight is markedly reduced and the cerebral cortex is disproportionately small. MCPH25 patients additionally manifest global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability with speech impairment, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and reduced white matter and thin corpus callosum on brain imaging. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt IDNamesCanonical?
Q8WVR3-11yes
Q8WVR3-22
Q8WVR3-33

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001290399, NP_060745* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR031626TRAPPC14Family
IPR055452TRAPP14_CDomain
IPR055453TRAPP14_NDomain

Pfam: PF15806, PF23652

UniProt features (19 total): splice variant 5, modified residue 4, compositionally biased region 4, region of interest 2, sequence variant 2, chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q8WVR3-F171.530.21

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (4): 546, 491, 517, 541

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 243 (showing top): GCM_GSPT1, GOCC_MICROTUBULE_ORGANIZING_CENTER, GOBP_CILIUM_ORGANIZATION, GOCC_CENTROSOME, GOBP_ORGANELLE_ASSEMBLY, GCM_NUMA1, DOUGLAS_BMI1_TARGETS_DN, TGTTTAC_MIR30A5P_MIR30C_MIR30D_MIR30B_MIR30E5P, GCM_NF2, GOBP_CELL_PROJECTION_ORGANIZATION, DBP_Q6, GOCC_SPINDLE, GOCC_MITOTIC_SPINDLE, GOCC_MIDBODY, GOCC_CENTRIOLAR_SATELLITE

GO Biological Process (3): regulation of cell population proliferation (GO:0042127), cilium assembly (GO:0060271), cell projection organization (GO:0030030)

GO Molecular Function (2): alpha-tubulin binding (GO:0043014), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (9): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), midbody (GO:0030496), centriolar satellite (GO:0034451), mitotic spindle (GO:0072686), TRAPPII protein complex (GO:1990071), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), spindle (GO:0005819), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), vesicle (GO:0031982)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
cellular anatomical structure3
intracellular membraneless organelle2
cell population proliferation1
regulation of cellular process1
axoneme assembly1
intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly1
cilium organization1
protein localization to cilium1
organelle assembly1
trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment transport1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly1
ciliary transition zone assembly1
cellular component organization1
tubulin binding1
binding1
membrane1
cell periphery1
centrosome1
spindle1
endosome1
Golgi apparatus1
TRAPP complex1
intracellular anatomical structure1
microtubule cytoskeleton1
membrane-bounded organelle1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

410 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
TRAPPC14MAP10Q9P2G4618
TRAPPC14RAB3IPQ96QF0585
TRAPPC14NCAPHQ15003538
TRAPPC14ZNF335Q9H4Z2527
TRAPPC14ANKLE2Q86XL3523
TRAPPC14NUP37Q8NFH4521
TRAPPC14NCAPD3P42695507
TRAPPC14COPB2P35606493
TRAPPC14NCAPD2Q15021467
TRAPPC14KIF14Q15058456
TRAPPC14WDR62O43379450
TRAPPC14NAT16Q8N8M0445
TRAPPC14WDFY3Q8IZQ1430
TRAPPC14MAP4K4O95819421
TRAPPC14CEP152O94986419

IntAct

75 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
RUFY4NDC80psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.830
SART1PRPF6psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.750
SART1PRPF3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.720
PTGR3DBTpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
YWHAGBLTP3Bpsi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)0.640
KANK4TRAPPC3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
YWHAHBLTP3Bpsi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)0.570
TGM1TRAPPC14psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
NOTCH2NLCTRAPPC14psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
AGXTTRAPPC14psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
CYSRT1TRAPPC14psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
VWC2TRAPPC14psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KRTAP6-1TRAPPC14psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
TRAPPC2LTRAPPC13psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.560
YWHAQIGLC7psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
TRAPPC1TRAPPC13psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
BCL2L14CHEK1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
CABS1TRAPPC10psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
YWHABPLEKHG3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.480
MNPEPPSL1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
BCL2L14psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TRAPPC13psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TRAPPC5TRAPPC13psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TRAPPC1TRAPPC13psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
GLB1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350

BioGRID (53): C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS), C7orf43 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0G2JXN2, A2AWP8, O88842, O95267, P29590, P52734, P98174, Q1LY10, Q29RM4, Q2TBA3, Q3TAA7, Q3U0J8, Q3UTZ3, Q496Y0, Q4VX76, Q568M3, Q58D15, Q5BIM1, Q5JSP0, Q5R5M3, Q5R5T1, Q5REJ9, Q5W0U4, Q68FF6, Q69Z89, Q69ZK0, Q6PFY8, Q7TNM2, Q7Z4K8, Q7Z5H3, Q7Z6J4, Q80V85, Q8BY35, Q8BZ52, Q8C190, Q8N1F8, Q8TCU6, Q8WVR3, Q96JH8, Q99N48

Diamond homologs: E7F240, Q3UTZ3, Q8WVR3

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 59 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

PathwayPartnersFoldFDR
Chk1/Chk2(Cds1) mediated inactivation of Cyclin B:Cdk1 complex584.0×5e-07
COPII-mediated vesicle transport520.4×1e-04
RAB GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RABs618.6×3e-05
G2/M DNA damage checkpoint618.0×3e-05
Cell Cycle Checkpoints613.3×1e-04
RHO GTPase Effectors610.2×4e-04
Transcriptional Regulation by TP5357.8×4e-03
Signaling by Rho GTPases86.8×3e-04

GO biological processes:

GO termPartnersFoldFDR
obsolete vesicle tethering6114.4×1e-09
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport718.3×8e-06

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

24 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic1
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance3
Likely benign4
Benign2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
619595NM_018275.5(TRAPPC14):c.613G>T (p.Glu205Ter)Pathogenic

SpliceAI

1501 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
7:100155256:CTGTA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
7:100155257:TGTA:Tdonor_loss1.0000
7:100155258:GTAC:Gdonor_loss1.0000
7:100155259:TAC:Tdonor_loss1.0000
7:100155260:A:ACdonor_gain1.0000
7:100155261:C:Adonor_loss1.0000
7:100155261:C:CCdonor_gain1.0000
7:100155261:CCT:Cdonor_gain1.0000
7:100155451:CTTAG:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
7:100155452:TTAG:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
7:100155453:TAG:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
7:100155454:AG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
7:100155456:C:CCacceptor_gain1.0000
7:100155457:T:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
7:100155666:CCCA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
7:100155667:CCAC:Cdonor_loss1.0000
7:100155668:CAC:Cdonor_loss1.0000
7:100155669:A:Cdonor_loss1.0000
7:100155685:T:TAdonor_gain1.0000
7:100155686:C:Adonor_gain1.0000
7:100155730:T:TAdonor_gain1.0000
7:100155826:C:CCacceptor_gain1.0000
7:100155826:CT:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
7:100155827:T:Aacceptor_loss1.0000
7:100156384:ACCAG:Adonor_gain1.0000
7:100156385:CCAG:Cdonor_gain1.0000
7:100156385:CCAGC:Cdonor_gain1.0000
7:100156712:AGGCC:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
7:100156713:GGCC:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
7:100156714:GCC:Gacceptor_gain1.0000

AlphaMissense

3695 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
7:100155050:C:AK568N1.000
7:100155050:C:GK568N1.000
7:100155297:G:CF518L1.000
7:100155297:G:TF518L1.000
7:100155299:A:GF518L1.000
7:100155430:A:GL474P1.000
7:100155436:A:GL472P1.000
7:100155698:G:CF456L1.000
7:100155698:G:TF456L1.000
7:100155699:A:GF456S1.000
7:100155700:A:GF456L1.000
7:100155766:A:GC434R1.000
7:100156410:A:GW406R1.000
7:100156410:A:TW406R1.000
7:100156463:A:TV388D1.000
7:100156683:A:GW343R1.000
7:100156683:A:TW343R1.000
7:100157889:A:GL154P1.000
7:100157894:G:CF152L1.000
7:100157894:G:TF152L1.000
7:100157895:A:GF152S1.000
7:100157896:A:GF152L1.000
7:100157898:A:TI151N1.000
7:100158357:A:GL48P1.000
7:100158363:A:GF46S1.000
7:100158378:C:AG41V1.000
7:100158378:C:TG41E1.000
7:100158379:C:AG41W1.000
7:100158379:C:GG41R1.000
7:100158379:C:TG41R1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000062003 (7:100158471 TA>T), RS1000622990 (7:100159645 G>T), RS1001224117 (7:100154797 C>T), RS1001296171 (7:100154924 C>T), RS1002225274 (7:100156135 A>G), RS1003959439 (7:100158832 C>G), RS1003985598 (7:100154662 C>G), RS1004022862 (7:100154876 CA>C), RS1004304078 (7:100159509 G>A), RS1004359507 (7:100159250 T>A,G), RS1005470605 (7:100154100 G>A), RS1005821422 (7:100158021 T>G), RS1005868398 (7:100154344 A>G), RS1006921376 (7:100155351 A>G), RS1007871544 (7:100157237 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:618350 | disease phenotypes: MIM:618351

GenCC curated gene-disease

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
autosomal recessive primary microcephalySupportiveAutosomal recessive

Mondo (2): microcephaly 25, primary, autosomal recessive (MONDO:0032694), autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MONDO:0016660)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

26 total (26 of 26 shown, HPO-id order):

HPOTerm
HP:0000007Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000076Vesicoureteral reflux
HP:0000122Unilateral renal agenesis
HP:0000219Thin upper lip vermilion
HP:0000252Microcephaly
HP:0000340Sloping forehead
HP:0000582Upslanted palpebral fissure
HP:0000750Delayed speech and language development
HP:0001249Intellectual disability
HP:0001263Global developmental delay
HP:0001274Agenesis of corpus callosum
HP:0001302Pachygyria
HP:0001347Hyperreflexia
HP:0001510Growth delay
HP:0002079Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
HP:0002119Ventriculomegaly
HP:0002144Tethered cord
HP:0002282Gray matter heterotopia
HP:0003103Abnormal cortical bone morphology
HP:0003577Congenital onset
HP:0004322Short stature
HP:0007018Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
HP:0007333Hypoplasia of the frontal lobes
HP:0010864Severe intellectual disability
HP:0011451Primary microcephaly
HP:6000184Filum terminale lipoma

GWAS associations

8 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST005845_4Heart rate increase in response to exercise3.000000e-16
GCST005846_7Heart rate response to recovery post exercise (10 sec)6.000000e-21
GCST005847_9Heart rate response to recovery post exercise (20 sec)3.000000e-21
GCST005848_15Heart rate response to recovery post exercise (50 sec)4.000000e-23
GCST005849_14Heart rate response to recovery post exercise (40 sec)6.000000e-24
GCST005850_6Heart rate response to recovery post exercise (30 sec)8.000000e-23
GCST010702_48Subcortical volume (MOSTest)6.000000e-10
GCST010703_289Brain morphology (MOSTest)6.000000e-15

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0009184heart rate response to exercise
EFO:0009185heart rate response to recovery post exercise
EFO:0004346neuroimaging measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

DescriptorNameTree numbers
C579935Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

15 total (human), top 15 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
FR900359affects phosphorylation1
sodium arseniteincreases expression1
ICG 001decreases expression1
abrineincreases expression1
licochalcone Bincreases expression1
(+)-JQ1 compoundincreases expression1
Caffeinedecreases phosphorylation1
Doxorubicindecreases expression1
Seleniumincreases expression1
Smokedecreases expression1
Testosteroneincreases expression1
Tobacco Smoke Pollutionaffects expression1
Valproic Acidincreases methylation1
Cyclosporineincreases expression1
Okadaic Acidincreases expression1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.