TROAP

Summary

TROAP (trophinin associated protein, HGNC:12327) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q13.12, encoding Tastin (Q12815). Could be involved with bystin and trophinin in a cell adhesion molecule complex that mediates an initial attachment of the blastocyst to uterine epithelial cells at the time of the embryo implantation. It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 10.3% of cell lines).

Predicted to be involved in cell adhesion. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm.

Source: NCBI Gene 10024 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 141 total
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 10.3% of screened cell lines
• MANE Select transcript: NM_005480

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:12327
Approved symbol	TROAP
Name	trophinin associated protein
Location	12q13.12
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	TASTIN
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000135451
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	603872
Entrez	10024

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 21 — 15 protein_coding, 4 nonsense_mediated_decay, 2 retained_intron

ENST00000257909, ENST00000380327, ENST00000546735, ENST00000546776, ENST00000547807, ENST00000547923, ENST00000548311, ENST00000548817, ENST00000549275, ENST00000549534, ENST00000549891, ENST00000550346, ENST00000550709, ENST00000551192, ENST00000551245, ENST00000551567, ENST00000879615, ENST00000879616, ENST00000929587, ENST00000929588, ENST00000971667

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_005480 NM_001100620, NM_001278324, NM_001410976, NM_005480

CCDS: CCDS41779, CCDS61117, CCDS8784, CCDS91693

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000257909 — 15 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000919611	49323604	49323752
ENSE00000919620	49329395	49329454
ENSE00000919621	49329857	49329991
ENSE00000919622	49330145	49330943
ENSE00000919623	49331214	49331407
ENSE00001060271	49331573	49331731
ENSE00001272372	49323845	49324037
ENSE00002358876	49323255	49323349
ENSE00003516458	49327209	49327330
ENSE00003545889	49326668	49326720
ENSE00003548436	49325747	49325884
ENSE00003570093	49329161	49329244
ENSE00003630451	49325501	49325658
ENSE00003632936	49326076	49326158
ENSE00003688930	49328927	49329055

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 181 present calls, max score 97.32.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 29.2893 / max 274.8085, expressed in 1481 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
125323	27.9115	1456
125325	0.6988	330
125324	0.6789	463

Top tissues by expression

285 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	97.32	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	95.99	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	95.44	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	91.00	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	89.15	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	88.80	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	88.61	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	86.87	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	86.79	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	86.74	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	86.58	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	84.27	silver quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	82.59	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	82.35	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	82.28	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	80.24	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	80.11	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	79.60	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	78.76	silver quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	78.55	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	78.05	silver quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	76.85	silver quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	76.80	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	76.74	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	75.56	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	75.32	silver quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	74.40	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	74.15	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	73.94	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	73.55	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 4 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-99795	yes	233.68
E-MTAB-6678	yes	7.64
E-ANND-3	yes	5.03
E-MTAB-6142	no	364.30

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

10 targeting TROAP, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981
HSA-MIR-95-5P	99.89	72.17	3973
HSA-MIR-5004-5P	99.68	66.63	1294
HSA-MIR-1207-5P	99.49	69.11	2983
HSA-MIR-1224-5P	99.48	65.59	803
HSA-MIR-3915	99.45	68.49	1905
HSA-MIR-4763-3P	99.10	67.83	2649
HSA-MIR-4689	96.97	65.79	1209
HSA-MIR-664B-5P	96.74	67.50	509
HSA-MIR-6858-5P	96.05	64.59	1020

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 10.3% of screened cell lines.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 12)

• plays an important role in mammalian cells by associating with the microtubular cytoskeleton (PMID:12049630)
• the major function of tastin during mitosis is to maintain the structural and dynamic features of centrosomes, thereby contributing to spindle bipolarity. (PMID:18218922)
• these results indicate that TROAP suppresses cellular growth and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma (PMID:29117881)
• the present study provided evidence that TROAP serves a role in GC cells by promoting cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and invasion in vitro. Combined analysis of cell lines and datasets from a public database, demonstrated that TROAP overexpression may be used as a predictor of poor survival in patients with GC. (PMID:29956806)
• Elevated TROAP expression is an independent predictor of poor survival in liver cancer. (PMID:30284652)
• Study found that TROAP expression correlates with patient survival and speculated that it may be involved in prostate cancer progression. (PMID:30431120)
• The present study suggests that TROAP plays an important role in promoting the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer. (PMID:31198787)
• TROAP switches DYRK1 activity to drive hepatocellular carcinoma progression. (PMID:33500384)
• MiR-532-3p suppresses cell viability, migration and invasion of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through targeting TROAP. (PMID:34287099)
• Tastin promotes non-small-cell lung cancer progression through the ErbB4, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 pathways. (PMID:36691332)
• TROAP Promotes the Proliferation, Migration, and Metastasis of Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma with the Help of STAT3. (PMID:37298609)
• METTL3 regulatory TROAP can regulate the progression of non-small cell lung cancer through PI3K/AKT and EMT signaling pathway. (PMID:37608033)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	troap	ENSDARG00000094977
mus_musculus	Troap	ENSMUSG00000032783
rattus_norvegicus	Troap	ENSRNOG00000060703

Protein

Protein identifiers

Tastin — Q12815 (reviewed: Q12815)

Alternative names: Trophinin-assisting protein, Trophinin-associated protein

All UniProt accessions (11): B7Z5Q9, Q12815, F8VR46, F8VVS4, F8VVT5, F8VVX4, F8VXF3, F8VXV6, F8W052, F8W130, F8W1E3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Could be involved with bystin and trophinin in a cell adhesion molecule complex that mediates an initial attachment of the blastocyst to uterine epithelial cells at the time of the embryo implantation.

Subunit / interactions. Directly binds bystin, and indirectly trophinin.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Strong expression at implantation sites. Was exclusively localized to the apical side of the syncytiotrophoblast. Also found in macrophages.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q12815-1	1	yes
Q12815-2	2
Q12815-3	3

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001094090, NP_001265253, NP_001397905, NP_005471* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR026133	Tastin	Family

UniProt features (29 total): modified residue 9, region of interest 6, compositionally biased region 5, repeat 4, splice variant 3, chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q12815-F1	46.87	0.00

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (9): 16, 98, 170, 324, 334, 344, 362, 363, 376

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 160 (showing top): HORIUCHI_WTAP_TARGETS_DN, ENK_UV_RESPONSE_KERATINOCYTE_UP, IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_LATE_PROGENITOR, PATIL_LIVER_CANCER, PUJANA_CHEK2_PCC_NETWORK, MODULE_118, KRASNOSELSKAYA_ILF3_TARGETS_DN, MODULE_120, FISCHER_G2_M_CELL_CYCLE, HELLER_HDAC_TARGETS_SILENCED_BY_METHYLATION_UP, SPIELMAN_LYMPHOBLAST_EUROPEAN_VS_ASIAN_UP, FISCHER_DREAM_TARGETS, SHEN_SMARCA2_TARGETS_DN, NUYTTEN_EZH2_TARGETS_DN, GEORGES_TARGETS_OF_MIR192_AND_MIR215

GO Biological Process (1): cell adhesion (GO:0007155)

GO Molecular Function (1): protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (1): cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular process	1
binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1196 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TROAP	TRO	Q12816	999
TROAP	BYSL	Q13895	998
TROAP	FAM117B	Q6P1L5	607
TROAP	RPS6	P08227	546
TROAP	KIF4A	O95239	527
TROAP	RNF169	Q8NCN4	517
TROAP	DRC5	Q5JU00	515
TROAP	DYNLT1	P63172	508
TROAP	TICRR	Q7Z2Z1	501
TROAP	DZANK1	Q9NVP4	475
TROAP	RAD54L2	Q9Y4B4	474
TROAP	MELK	Q14680	436
TROAP	VTN	P01141	435
TROAP	TOP2A	P11388	432
TROAP	HJURP	Q8NCD3	429

IntAct

120 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TROAP	MAPRE1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.850
MAPRE1	TROAP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.850
TROAP	MAPRE3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.830
TROAP	DYRK1B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.790
DYRK1B	TROAP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.790
DCAF7	DIAPH1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
TRIM23	TROAP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.700
TROAP	TRIM23	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.700
TRAF2	TROAP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
BANP	TROAP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
TROAP	BANP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
TROAP	TRAF2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
TROAP	DYRK1A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670

BioGRID (105): TROAP (Two-hybrid), TROAP (Two-hybrid), TROAP (Two-hybrid), MAPRE1 (Two-hybrid), MAPRE3 (Two-hybrid), BANP (Two-hybrid), KRT40 (Two-hybrid), TROAP (Affinity Capture-MS), TROAP (Affinity Capture-MS), TROAP (Proximity Label-MS), TROAP (Proximity Label-MS), MAPRE3 (Two-hybrid), TROAP (Affinity Capture-MS), TROAP (Affinity Capture-MS), TROAP (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A096MK47, A0A1D5RMD1, A2AQH4, A6NCI8, A8MUA0, A8MX80, B2RRE4, B7ZNG4, E9Q3S4, O15027, O94854, P70670, Q0GGX2, Q12802, Q12815, Q3URK3, Q3V0A6, Q5DTT3, Q5F2C3, Q5FW52, Q5H9F3, Q5SW25, Q5SWP3, Q5VV67, Q5VWP3, Q5VYM1, Q66HG9, Q69ZZ9, Q6NXZ1, Q6NZN1, Q6P1W5, Q711Q0, Q7TSG5, Q7Z434, Q86TB3, Q8K4E0, Q8N5Q1, Q8N9G6, Q8NFU7, Q8VCF0

Diamond homologs: B7ZNG4, Q12815

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

141 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	112
Likely benign	12
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2388 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:49323602:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49323603:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49323751:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49323752:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49326068:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49327329:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49327330:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49323590:C:CA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49323596:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49323597:A:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49323603:GCC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49323603:GCCAT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49323749:AAGGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
12:49323750:AGGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
12:49323751:GGGTA:G	donor_loss	0.9900
12:49323753:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
12:49323754:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
12:49323977:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
12:49324327:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
12:49325499:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49325500:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49325627:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
12:49325745:AG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49325746:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49325746:GGGT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49326060:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49326069:G:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49327207:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49327208:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
12:49327208:GCT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

4916 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:49325521:T:C	F120L	0.996
12:49325523:T:A	F120L	0.996
12:49325523:T:G	F120L	0.996
12:49325522:T:C	F120S	0.989
12:49325555:T:C	L131P	0.988
12:49330167:T:C	L441P	0.988
12:49330158:T:C	L438P	0.986
12:49329878:T:C	F396L	0.985
12:49329880:T:A	F396L	0.985
12:49329880:T:G	F396L	0.985
12:49330170:T:C	L442S	0.985
12:49325552:T:C	I130T	0.983
12:49325522:T:G	F120C	0.982
12:49325543:T:C	L127P	0.982
12:49325552:T:A	I130N	0.982
12:49329452:T:A	W388R	0.981
12:49329452:T:C	W388R	0.981
12:49325557:T:C	S132P	0.978
12:49325545:G:C	A128P	0.977
12:49329454:G:C	W388C	0.977
12:49329454:G:T	W388C	0.977
12:49325552:T:G	I130S	0.976
12:49329876:T:C	L395S	0.976
12:49323673:T:C	I22T	0.974
12:49330146:G:C	R434P	0.974
12:49331576:T:C	F766L	0.974
12:49331578:C:A	F766L	0.974
12:49331578:C:G	F766L	0.974
12:49325555:T:A	L131Q	0.973
12:49325819:T:C	F190L	0.969

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000031222 (12:49322567 A>C,T), RS1000532449 (12:49325941 A>C,G), RS1000857762 (12:49330912 C>G), RS1001064652 (12:49324236 A>G), RS1001095693 (12:49331188 C>T), RS1002036672 (12:49325943 G>C), RS1002096980 (12:49331840 G>A,C,T), RS1002640365 (12:49322639 G>A), RS1002978438 (12:49322157 A>C,G), RS1003147419 (12:49325692 G>A,T), RS1003446979 (12:49327754 A>C,G), RS1003495029 (12:49322117 G>A,C,T), RS1003570332 (12:49323508 G>A,C), RS1003588727 (12:49321805 C>T), RS1003924160 (12:49328437 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:603872 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

62 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	4
Tretinoin	decreases expression	3
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	3
Arsenic	affects methylation, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	2
FR900359	decreases phosphorylation	1
bisphenol F	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
propionaldehyde	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
beta-lapachone	decreases expression	1
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression	1
butyraldehyde	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
zinc chromate	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
aflatoxin B2	decreases methylation	1
diallyl trisulfide	decreases expression	1
tamibarotene	decreases expression	1
chromium hexavalent ion	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
2-palmitoylglycerol	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
ICG 001	decreases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
palbociclib	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
jinfukang	increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
NSC668394	decreases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

1 cell lines: 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_B3K8	Abcam HEK293T TROAP KO	Transformed cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.