TSPAN6

Summary

TSPAN6 (tetraspanin 6, HGNC:11858) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome Xq22.1, encoding Tetraspanin-6 (O43657).

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. The protein encoded by this gene is a cell surface glycoprotein and is highly similar in sequence to the transmembrane 4 superfamily member 2 protein. It functions as a negative regulator of retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor-mediated immune signaling via its interaction with the mitochondrial antiviral signaling-centered signalosome. This gene uses alternative polyadenylation sites, and multiple transcript variants result from alternative splicing.

Source: NCBI Gene 7105 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 72 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_003270

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:11858
Approved symbol	TSPAN6
Name	tetraspanin 6
Location	Xq22.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	T245, TSPAN-6
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000000003
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	300191
Entrez	7105

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 13 — 11 protein_coding, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000373020, ENST00000494424, ENST00000496771, ENST00000612152, ENST00000867886, ENST00000867887, ENST00000867888, ENST00000867889, ENST00000867890, ENST00000867891, ENST00000867892, ENST00000966005, ENST00000966006

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_003270 NM_001278740, NM_001278741, NM_001278742, NM_001278743, NM_003270

CCDS: CCDS14470, CCDS76001

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000373020 — 8 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000401072	100632485	100632568
ENSE00000868868	100630759	100630866
ENSE00001459322	100627108	100629986
ENSE00001855382	100636608	100636806
ENSE00003554016	100633405	100633539
ENSE00003654571	100635178	100635252
ENSE00003658810	100633931	100634029
ENSE00003662440	100635558	100635746

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 279 present calls, max score 99.96.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 35.8982 / max 1008.5052, expressed in 1444 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (8 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
199920	29.3606	1425
199922	3.2347	1084
199924	1.2345	571
199921	1.1978	735
199925	0.3975	201
199926	0.3411	175
199927	0.0780	11
199919	0.0541	19

Top tissues by expression

291 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
sperm	CL:0000019	99.96	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	99.35	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	99.24	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	99.08	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	99.04	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	98.95	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	98.83	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	97.98	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	97.62	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	97.52	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	97.28	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	97.26	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	96.96	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	96.94	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	96.86	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	96.84	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	96.75	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	96.61	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	96.55	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	96.47	gold quality
choroid plexus epithelium	UBERON:0003911	95.95	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	95.72	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	95.58	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	95.56	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	95.47	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	95.36	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	95.34	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	95.33	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	95.03	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	94.91	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 7 experiment(s), a significant marker in 6.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-75140	yes	542.78
E-HCAD-10	yes	26.68
E-GEOD-93593	yes	15.28
E-ANND-3	yes	13.63
E-CURD-114	yes	7.89
E-CURD-112	yes	6.12
E-GEOD-99795	no	122.96

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

111 targeting TSPAN6, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-3925-3P	100.00	69.95	1237
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-3692-3P	99.98	70.27	2139
HSA-MIR-548P	99.98	72.25	3784
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-4666A-3P	99.96	71.71	3434
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-651-3P	99.94	73.48	5177
HSA-MIR-9983-3P	99.94	71.48	3631
HSA-MIR-381-3P	99.93	71.87	2854
HSA-MIR-5195-3P	99.92	70.92	1877
HSA-MIR-515-5P	99.92	69.82	2343
HSA-MIR-145-5P	99.92	71.13	1836
HSA-MIR-519E-5P	99.92	69.62	2358
HSA-MIR-300	99.92	71.76	2856
HSA-MIR-5680	99.91	69.83	3421
HSA-MIR-1305	99.91	71.43	3443
HSA-MIR-8087	99.90	69.55	1351

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 7)

• TSPAN6 functions as a negative regulator of the RLR pathway by interacting with MAVS in a ubiquitination-dependent manner. (PMID:22908223)
• Results shows that TSPAN6 is a crucial player in Amyloid Precursor Protein-C-terminal fragment turnover (PMID:28279219)
• Tetraspanin 7 and its closest paralog tetraspanin 6: membrane organizers with key functions in brain development, viral infection, innate immunity, diabetes and cancer. (PMID:32468130)
• Tetraspanin 6 is a regulator of carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer. (PMID:34521767)
• TSPAN6 is a suppressor of Ras-driven cancer. (PMID:35184157)
• TSPAN6 reinforces the malignant progression of glioblastoma via interacting with CDK5RAP3 and regulating STAT3 signaling pathway. (PMID:38725860)
• New insights into the role of tetraspanin 6, 7, and 8 in physiology and pathology. (PMID:39031113)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	tspan6	ENSDARG00000015759
mus_musculus	Tspan6	ENSMUSG00000067377
rattus_norvegicus	Tspan6	ENSRNOG00000003786

Paralogs (32): CD9 (ENSG00000010278), TSPAN9 (ENSG00000011105), TSPAN17 (ENSG00000048140), TSPAN32 (ENSG00000064201), CD82 (ENSG00000085117), TSPAN15 (ENSG00000099282), CD37 (ENSG00000104894), UPK1A (ENSG00000105668), TSPAN12 (ENSG00000106025), TSPAN13 (ENSG00000106537), TSPAN14 (ENSG00000108219), CD81 (ENSG00000110651), TSPAN11 (ENSG00000110900), PRPH2 (ENSG00000112619), UPK1B (ENSG00000114638), TSPAN1 (ENSG00000117472), TSPAN8 (ENSG00000127324), TSPAN16 (ENSG00000130167), TSPAN2 (ENSG00000134198), CD63 (ENSG00000135404), TSPAN31 (ENSG00000135452), TSPAN3 (ENSG00000140391), CD53 (ENSG00000143119), ROM1 (ENSG00000149489), TSPAN7 (ENSG00000156298), TSPAN18 (ENSG00000157570), TSPAN33 (ENSG00000158457), TSPAN5 (ENSG00000168785), CD151 (ENSG00000177697), TSPAN10 (ENSG00000182612), TSPAN4 (ENSG00000214063), TSPAN19 (ENSG00000231738)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Tetraspanin-6 — O43657 (reviewed: O43657)

Alternative names: A15 homolog, Putative NF-kappa-B-activating protein 321, T245 protein, Tetraspanin TM4-D, Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 6

All UniProt accessions (2): A0A087WYV6, O43657

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Subcellular location. Membrane.

Similarity. Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001265669, NP_001265670, NP_001265671, NP_001265672, NP_003261* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000301	Tetraspanin_animals	Family
IPR008952	Tetraspanin_EC2_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR018499	Tetraspanin/Peripherin	Family
IPR018503	Tetraspanin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR048232	TSN6/7_LEL	Domain

Pfam: PF00335

UniProt features (12 total): topological domain 5, transmembrane region 4, chain 1, glycosylation site 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O43657-F1	88.17	0.66

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (1): 134

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 210 (showing top): GOBP_CANONICAL_NF_KAPPAB_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, CHIANG_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_UNANNOTATED_DN, AREB6_01, GRAHAM_CML_QUIESCENT_VS_NORMAL_QUIESCENT_DN, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRACELLULAR_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_EXTERNAL_STIMULUS, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_48HR_DN, WANG_ESOPHAGUS_CANCER_VS_NORMAL_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_DEFENSE_RESPONSE_TO_OTHER_ORGANISM, SENGUPTA_NASOPHARYNGEAL_CARCINOMA_DN, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_STRESS, TSENG_IRS1_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CANONICAL_NF_KAPPAB_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION

GO Biological Process (3): negative regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway (GO:0039532), positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:0043123), negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:0043124)

GO Molecular Function (1): protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), membrane (GO:0016020)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction	2
canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	2
regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	2
negative regulation of immune system process	1
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway	1
regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
binding	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
extracellular vesicle	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

922 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TSPAN6	SDCBP	O00560	742
TSPAN6	TM4SF1	P30408	584
TSPAN6	MAVS	Q7Z434	524
TSPAN6	SH2D7	A6NKC9	514
TSPAN6	TSG101	Q99816	477
TSPAN6	ZNF253	O75346	472
TSPAN6	ITGB1	P05556	470
TSPAN6	CLEC5A	Q9NY25	465
TSPAN6	TSPAN13	O95857	454
TSPAN6	CD63	P08962	432
TSPAN6	TM4SF5	O14894	427
TSPAN6	PNMA1	Q8ND90	425
TSPAN6	SLC39A6	Q13433	412
TSPAN6	ECM1	Q16610	412
TSPAN6	TSPAN31	Q12999	395

IntAct

44 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TMEM30B	KLRG2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
EVA1C	UPK3BL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
GPR141	STXBP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SERPINA12	TSPAN6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TNFRSF17	TSPAN6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TMEM185A	TSPAN6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CDS1	TSPAN6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CLEC5A	TSPAN6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
LRRTM1	UPK3BL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TSPAN6		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
TSPAN6	NSG2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
LRRTM1	TMEM223	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ASIC4	UPK3BL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LYPD4	DPYSL4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
VNN2	ATP2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CANX	HLA-A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RAB14	TSPAN6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TSPAN15	TMEM223	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SCN4A	C2CD4B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KIR2DL4	GPR89A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LYPD4	PIK3C2A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (80): TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN6 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: O43657, O46101, O60635, O70352, O70401, O75508, P08962, P0C672, P19331, P19397, P27591, P27701, P28648, P34285, P40237, P41731, P41732, P91799, Q11098, Q22495, Q24188, Q26499, Q28709, Q2KIS9, Q32KU6, Q3MHK4, Q3T0S3, Q4R3L1, Q4R7W6, Q55CV4, Q55CV5, Q55CV7, Q55CW7, Q58DM3, Q5RAS5, Q5RC27, Q5REK8, Q5WRN1, Q60771, Q61451

Diamond homologs: A1L157, B0BM39, B5X3I6, O14817, O35566, O43657, O60636, O70401, O75954, P08962, P19397, P21926, P24485, P27701, P30409, P30932, P40239, P40240, P40241, P41731, P41732, P48509, P61170, P61171, Q06AA5, Q0VC33, Q28709, Q2KIS9, Q32KU6, Q3ZBH3, Q568Y5, Q58CY8, Q58DM3, Q5RAP3, Q5RAS5, Q61451, Q62283, Q6DCQ3, Q7YQK9, Q7YQL0

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

72 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	23
Likely benign	4
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

965 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
X:100630864:CAG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100630867:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100632483:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100632484:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633403:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633404:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633406:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633535:TGCAA:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100633540:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100633926:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
X:100633927:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
X:100633928:TACCG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
X:100633929:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633929:AC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633929:ACCG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:100633930:C:CT	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633930:CC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633930:CCGT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100633930:CCGTA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
X:100634025:TTAAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100634026:TAAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100634027:AAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100634028:AT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100634028:ATC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:100634030:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100634032:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:100635172:GCTTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:100635173:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
X:100635174:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
X:100635175:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

1611 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
X:100633504:C:A	W162C	1.000
X:100633504:C:G	W162C	1.000
X:100633527:C:A	G155C	0.999
X:100633506:A:G	W162R	0.998
X:100633506:A:T	W162R	0.998
X:100632563:A:C	C197W	0.997
X:100632564:C:G	C197S	0.997
X:100632565:A:T	C197S	0.997
X:100633529:C:G	C154S	0.997
X:100633530:A:T	C154S	0.997
X:100633531:A:C	C153W	0.997
X:100633532:C:G	C153S	0.997
X:100633533:A:G	C153R	0.997
X:100633533:A:T	C153S	0.997
X:100635632:C:G	G68R	0.997
X:100635719:C:G	G39R	0.997
X:100635740:C:G	G32R	0.997
X:100632564:C:T	C197Y	0.996
X:100632565:A:G	C197R	0.996
X:100633460:C:G	C177S	0.996
X:100633460:C:T	C177Y	0.996
X:100633461:A:T	C177S	0.996
X:100633526:C:A	G155V	0.996
X:100633529:C:T	C154Y	0.996
X:100633532:C:T	C153Y	0.996
X:100633938:T:G	Q148P	0.996
X:100635631:C:T	G68D	0.996
X:100635718:C:T	G39D	0.996
X:100635739:C:T	G32D	0.996
X:100630860:C:G	G226R	0.995

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000035902 (X:100629330 C>T), RS1000083682 (X:100633561 T>C), RS1000201757 (X:100627962 C>A,T), RS1000602171 (X:100627169 C>A,T), RS1000909706 (X:100627638 G>T), RS1001169815 (X:100636279 G>A), RS1001403098 (X:100632675 T>A,C), RS1001755243 (X:100628734 T>A), RS1001974420 (X:100635037 T>C), RS1002043793 (X:100633103 G>A), RS1002065612 (X:100637415 A>G), RS1002555233 (X:100631932 A>G), RS1002642058 (X:100631305 G>C), RS1003162958 (X:100631491 TA>T,TAA), RS1003841651 (X:100634617 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:300191 | disease phenotypes: MIM:300088, MIM:300643

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 9 (MONDO:0010246), rolandic epilepsy, intellectual disability, and speech dyspraxia, X-linked (MONDO:0010388)

Orphanet (2): Female restricted epilepsy with intellectual disability (Orphanet:101039), X-linked intellectual disability-epilepsy syndrome (Orphanet:2076)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C564715	Epilepsy, Female-Restricted, with Mental Retardation (supp.)
C564467	Rolandic Epilepsy, Mental Retardation, and Speech Dyspraxia, X-Linked (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

38 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases methylation, decreases methylation, increases expression	3
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	3
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	2
Nickel	decreases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, decreases expression	2
Valproic Acid	affects expression, decreases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	affects response to substance	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
epigallocatechin gallate	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
K 7174	decreases expression	1
bisphenol B	increases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
bisphenol S	decreases methylation	1
bisphenol AF	increases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Acetylcysteine	decreases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Atrazine	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Piroxicam	decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Thiram	decreases expression	1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.