TTLL1

Summary

TTLL1 (TTL family tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit L1, HGNC:1312) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 22q13.2, encoding Polyglutamylase complex subunit TTLL1 (O95922). Catalytic subunit of a polyglutamylase complex which modifies tubulin, generating side chains of glutamate on the gamma-carboxyl group of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of tubulin.

Enables tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Is active in microtubule.

Source: NCBI Gene 25809 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 68 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_012263

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:1312
Approved symbol	TTLL1
Name	TTL family tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit L1
Location	22q13.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	PGs3, TPGS3
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000100271
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	608955
Entrez	25809

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 15 — 13 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000266254, ENST00000331018, ENST00000439248, ENST00000440761, ENST00000903474, ENST00000903475, ENST00000903476, ENST00000903477, ENST00000903478, ENST00000903479, ENST00000903480, ENST00000903481, ENST00000947941, ENST00000947942, ENST00000947943

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_012263 NM_012263

CCDS: CCDS14043

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000266254 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001391416	43079902	43079986
ENSE00001524460	43089277	43089391
ENSE00002241278	43075474	43075590
ENSE00003482768	43046410	43046573
ENSE00003510588	43063813	43063921
ENSE00003524823	43064190	43064324
ENSE00003530224	43059384	43059527
ENSE00003606179	43051801	43051887
ENSE00003639415	43039516	43039905
ENSE00003647089	43069636	43069844
ENSE00003663996	43068410	43068590

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 222 present calls, max score 91.28.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 4.5858 / max 46.0107, expressed in 1555 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
194502	3.1833	1395
194501	1.4025	936

Top tissues by expression

276 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	91.28	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	90.72	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	88.72	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	87.77	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	87.44	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	87.07	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	87.04	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	86.70	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	84.38	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	83.63	silver quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	83.59	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	83.41	silver quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	83.04	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	82.51	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	82.50	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	82.25	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	82.02	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	81.48	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	81.38	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	81.36	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	81.28	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	81.26	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	81.26	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	81.25	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	81.22	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	81.21	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	81.14	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	81.12	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	81.05	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	80.95	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	3.03

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

20 targeting TTLL1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-548AZ-5P	99.83	69.94	3230
HSA-MIR-548T-5P	99.83	69.91	3220
HSA-MIR-4517	99.76	69.19	1867
HSA-MIR-1283	99.69	72.42	3009
HSA-MIR-3609	99.52	69.89	2587
HSA-MIR-548AH-5P	99.52	69.73	2626
HSA-MIR-5584-5P	99.49	68.22	2814
HSA-MIR-1276	99.36	68.18	1642
HSA-MIR-1244	99.33	68.38	832
HSA-MIR-154-5P	98.92	66.65	733
HSA-MIR-519A-2-5P	98.78	71.74	1401
HSA-MIR-520B-5P	98.78	71.74	1401
HSA-MIR-6796-3P	98.68	65.49	689
HSA-MIR-374B-3P	98.63	68.24	1360
HSA-MIR-219A-2-3P	98.62	68.78	797
HSA-MIR-3158-3P	98.45	64.25	560
HSA-MIR-6773-3P	98.17	65.51	1213
HSA-MIR-215-3P	97.02	68.01	1209
HSA-MIR-3174	94.63	63.64	577

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	ttll1	ENSDARG00000090778
mus_musculus	Ttll1	ENSMUSG00000022442
rattus_norvegicus	Ttll1	ENSRNOG00000010141
drosophila_melanogaster	TTLL1A	FBGN0030823
drosophila_melanogaster	TTLL1B	FBGN0052238

Paralogs (12): TTLL12 (ENSG00000100304), TTLL2 (ENSG00000120440), TTLL9 (ENSG00000131044), TTLL4 (ENSG00000135912), TTLL7 (ENSG00000137941), TTLL8 (ENSG00000138892), TTLL10 (ENSG00000162571), TTLL6 (ENSG00000170703), TTLL11 (ENSG00000175764), KPRP (ENSG00000203786), TTLL13 (ENSG00000213471), TTLL3 (ENSG00000214021)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Polyglutamylase complex subunit TTLL1 — O95922 (reviewed: O95922)

Alternative names: Tubulin polyglutamylase TTLL1, Tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 3, Tubulin–tyrosine ligase-like protein 1

All UniProt accessions (1): O95922

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalytic subunit of a polyglutamylase complex which modifies tubulin, generating side chains of glutamate on the gamma-carboxyl group of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of tubulin. Probably involved in the side-chain elongation step of the polyglutamylation reaction rather than the initiation step. Modifies both alpha- and beta-tubulins with a preference for the alpha-tail. Unlike most polyglutamylases of the tubulin–tyrosine ligase family, only displays a catalytic activity when in complex with other proteins as it is most likely lacking domains important for autonomous activity. Part of the neuronal tubulin polyglutamylase complex. Mediates cilia and flagella polyglutamylation which is essential for their biogenesis and motility. Involved in respiratory motile cilia function through the regulation of beating asymmetry. Essential for sperm flagella biogenesis, motility and male fertility. Involved in KLF4 glutamylation which impedes its ubiquitination, thereby leading to somatic cell reprogramming, pluripotency maintenance and embryogenesis.

Subunit / interactions. Part of the neuronal tubulin polyglutamylase complex which contains TPGS1, TPGS2, TTLL1, LRRC49 and NICN1. Interacts with PCM1, CSTPP1 and LRRC49.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Cilium basal body. Cilium axoneme. Cell projection. Cilium. Flagellum.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in a wide range of tissues. Has a stronger expression in heart, brain and testis.

Domain organisation. Gln-144 is the main determinant for regioselectivity, which segregates between initiases and elongases in all tubulin–tyrosine ligase family. A glutamine residue at this position is found in elongases TTLL6, TTLL9, TTLL11, TTLL13, TTLL10 and favors glutamate-chain elongation, whereas an arginine residue is found in initiases TTLL2, TTLL4, TTLL5, TTLL3, TTLL8 and favors initiation.

Similarity. Belongs to the tubulin polyglutamylase family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
O95922-1	A, TTLL1a	yes
O95922-2	B, TTLL1b, Truncated
O95922-4	4

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_036395* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR004344	TTL/TTLL_fam	Family

Pfam: PF03133

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• (L-glutamyl)(n)-gamma-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-[protein] + L-glutamate + ATP = (L-glutamyl)(n+1)-gamma-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-[protein] + ADP + phosphate + H(+) (RHEA:60148)

UniProt features (22 total): binding site 13, splice variant 3, chain 1, domain 1, site 1, region of interest 1, sequence variant 1, mutagenesis site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O95922-F1	86.07	0.63

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 144 (essential for specifying alpha-elongation versus initiation step of the polyglutamylase activity)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (13): 259; 313; 326; 326; 328; 344; 138; 144–145; 144; 181–184; 194–196; 220 …

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (1):

Position	Phenotype
326	abolishes microtubule polyglutamylation. decreases map4 recruitment to microtubules.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-8955332	Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin

MSigDB gene sets: 172 (showing top): GOBP_HINDBRAIN_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, GOBP_METENCEPHALON_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_RESPIRATORY_GASEOUS_EXCHANGE_BY_RESPIRATORY_SYSTEM, TGCGCANK_UNKNOWN, GOBP_CEREBELLAR_PURKINJE_CELL_LAYER_FORMATION, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GOBP_CEREBELLAR_CORTEX_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_RESPIRATORY_SYSTEM_PROCESS, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOCC_MICROTUBULE_ORGANIZING_CENTER, GOBP_IN_UTERO_EMBRYONIC_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_CEREBELLAR_CORTEX_DEVELOPMENT

GO Biological Process (13): microtubule cytoskeleton organization (GO:0000226), immune response in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (GO:0002395), sperm axoneme assembly (GO:0007288), protein polyglutamylation (GO:0018095), cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation (GO:0021702), mucociliary clearance (GO:0120197), regulation of blastocyst development (GO:0120222), epithelial cilium movement involved in extracellular fluid movement (GO:0003351), flagellated sperm motility (GO:0030317), axoneme assembly (GO:0035082), protein modification process (GO:0036211), microtubule polymerization (GO:0046785), cilium disassembly (GO:0061523)

GO Molecular Function (7): ATP binding (GO:0005524), tubulin binding (GO:0015631), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity (GO:0070740), protein-glutamic acid ligase activity, elongating (GO:0106438), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), ligase activity (GO:0016874)

GO Cellular Component (9): extracellular region (GO:0005576), microtubule (GO:0005874), axoneme (GO:0005930), motile cilium (GO:0031514), ciliary basal body (GO:0036064), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), cilium (GO:0005929), cell projection (GO:0042995)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Post-translational protein modification	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	4
protein-glutamic acid ligase activity	2
cilium	2
cytoskeleton organization	1
microtubule-based process	1
immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue	1
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
axoneme assembly	1
sperm flagellum assembly	1
peptidyl-glutamic acid modification	1
cell differentiation in hindbrain	1
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer formation	1
central nervous system neuron differentiation	1
respiratory system process	1
epithelial cilium movement involved in extracellular fluid movement	1
blastocyst development	1
regulation of developmental process	1
cilium movement	1
extracellular transport	1
microtubule-based transport	1
cilium-dependent cell motility	1
cilium movement involved in cell motility	1
sperm motility	1
microtubule bundle formation	1
cellular component assembly	1
cilium assembly	1
protein metabolic process	1
macromolecule modification	1
microtubule nucleation	1
microtubule polymerization or depolymerization	1
protein polymerization	1
supramolecular fiber organization	1
cilium organization	1
organelle disassembly	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
cytoskeletal protein binding	1
cation binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

656 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TTLL1	CEP41	Q9BYV8	643
TTLL1	AGTPBP1	Q9UPW5	612
TTLL1	TTLL12	Q14166	609
TTLL1	LRRC49	Q8IUZ0	595
TTLL1	SPAST	Q9UBP0	545
TTLL1	AGBL4	Q5VU57	543
TTLL1	IQUB	Q8NA54	512
TTLL1	AGBL5	Q8NDL9	506
TTLL1	TTLL5	Q6EMB2	483
TTLL1	TTLL11	Q8NHH1	483
TTLL1	NICN1	Q9BSH3	483
TTLL1	CPXM2	Q8N436	474
TTLL1	CHCHD1	Q96BP2	473
TTLL1	CFAP97	Q9P2B7	457
TTLL1	TTLL4	Q14679	451

IntAct

13 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
NICN1	TTLL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
TTLL1	CDC27	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
TTLL1	LRRK2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
TTLL1	TCP1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
TTLL1	H1-5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
TTLL1	H1-2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
TTLL1	CAMK2B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CSTPP1	KRBA1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
S1PR1	ISLR	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TTLL1	RGS12	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (80): CDC27 (Affinity Capture-MS), CCT6B (Affinity Capture-MS), ANAPC5 (Affinity Capture-MS), CDC16 (Affinity Capture-MS), HECTD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ANAPC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ANAPC4 (Affinity Capture-MS), DNAJB4 (Affinity Capture-MS), ANAPC16 (Affinity Capture-MS), TBC1D19 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRRC49 (Affinity Capture-MS), CDC23 (Affinity Capture-MS), TPGS2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ANAPC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), HERC1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2APC3, A4Q9E4, A8X9V4, A9X4T1, B2GUB3, B2RR83, H2KZM9, O16102, O43314, O95922, P08487, P10686, P16259, P16885, P19174, P20807, P23678, P24135, P43368, P49619, P49620, P49621, P51186, Q09639, Q09647, Q0VC71, Q14562, Q14BI7, Q22070, Q23SI8, Q3SXZ7, Q3SZH6, Q564U4, Q5PPI9, Q5R746, Q5REW0, Q62077, Q641W7, Q64691, Q6NS52

Diamond homologs: A2APC3, A4Q9E4, A4Q9E5, A4Q9E8, A4Q9F6, A6NNM8, A6PVC2, A8CVX7, B2GUB3, O95922, P0CAZ0, Q0VC71, Q1ECV4, Q23K29, Q23SI8, Q3SXZ7, Q3SZH6, Q4R7H0, Q564U4, Q5PPI9, Q5R978, Q641W7, Q6EEF3, Q6EMB2, Q8CHB8, Q8N841, Q91V51, Q9BWV7, Q9Y4R7, A4Q9F0, A4Q9F1, A4Q9F4, A8X9V4, E9P886, F7E540, H2KZM9, P38160, P38584, Q09647, Q14679

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
TTLL1	“form complex”	“Tubulin polyglutamylase complex”	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

68 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	45
Likely benign	2
Benign	6

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2369 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
22:43046401:CACA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046403:CA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046404:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046405:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046406:TTACA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43046408:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046408:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43046409:C:CA	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046409:CA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046409:CAG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046409:CAGA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046409:CAGAA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046434:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43046435:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43051796:GTTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43051797:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43051798:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43051799:A:AG	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43051800:CCTC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43051883:ACCGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:43051884:CCGG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:43051884:CCGGC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:43051885:CGG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:43051885:CGGC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:43059379:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43059381:CAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43059382:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43059383:C:CA	donor_loss	1.0000
22:43059383:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
22:43063811:AC:A	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2798 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
22:43046512:A:G	L347P	1.000
22:43046520:C:A	K344N	1.000
22:43046520:C:G	K344N	1.000
22:43046522:T:C	K344E	1.000
22:43046524:A:G	L343P	1.000
22:43046530:C:G	R341P	1.000
22:43046533:T:A	D340V	1.000
22:43046533:T:G	D340A	1.000
22:43046534:C:G	D340H	1.000
22:43046554:A:G	L333P	1.000
22:43046560:G:C	P331R	1.000
22:43046560:G:T	P331Q	1.000
22:43046561:G:A	P331S	1.000
22:43046561:G:T	P331T	1.000
22:43046566:G:T	A329E	1.000
22:43046568:A:C	N328K	1.000
22:43046568:A:T	N328K	1.000
22:43046570:T:C	N328D	1.000
22:43051801:C:A	E326D	1.000
22:43051801:C:G	E326D	1.000
22:43051802:T:A	E326V	1.000
22:43051802:T:G	E326A	1.000
22:43051803:C:T	E326K	1.000
22:43051808:A:G	L324P	1.000
22:43051840:G:C	D313E	1.000
22:43051840:G:T	D313E	1.000
22:43051841:T:A	D313V	1.000
22:43051841:T:C	D313G	1.000
22:43051841:T:G	D313A	1.000
22:43051842:C:A	D313Y	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000020795 (22:43077778 G>A), RS1000030097 (22:43058720 G>A), RS1000061890 (22:43044575 A>G), RS1000184333 (22:43052722 G>A), RS1000188188 (22:43087922 C>T), RS1000349576 (22:43082754 C>A,T), RS1000362001 (22:43046855 G>C), RS1000433953 (22:43074033 A>G), RS1000460867 (22:43039410 C>T), RS1000470527 (22:43041285 A>G), RS1000479128 (22:43084547 G>C), RS1000562930 (22:43077496 T>C), RS1000564319 (22:43069411 C>A,T), RS1000583417 (22:43045069 G>C), RS1000613732 (22:43072928 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:608955 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST009319_2	Uric acid elevation in response to thiazide-like diuretic in hypertension	1.000000e-07
GCST012490_28	Femur bone mineral density x serum urate levels interaction	2.000000e-12

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004761	uric acid measurement
EFO:0004531	urate measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

25 total (human), top 25 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	increases expression, decreases expression	3
Acetaminophen	increases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
afuresertib	increases expression	1
urushiol	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	affects splicing, decreases expression	1
potassium chromate(VI)	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
epigallocatechin gallate	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	increases expression	1
Sunitinib	increases expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	decreases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Endosulfan	increases expression	1
Nickel	decreases expression	1
Niclosamide	increases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1
Acrylamide	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.