TUBA1B

Summary

TUBA1B (tubulin alpha 1b, HGNC:18809) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q13.12, encoding Tubulin alpha-1B chain (P68363). Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, protein filaments consisting of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 93.0% of cancer cell lines).

Enables several functions, including GTP binding activity; GTPase activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. A structural constituent of cytoskeleton. Involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Located in cilium and microtubule. Is active in microtubule cytoskeleton.

Source: NCBI Gene 10376 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 5
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 23 total
• Druggable target: yes — 21 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 93.0% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_006082

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:18809
Approved symbol	TUBA1B
Name	tubulin alpha 1b
Location	12q13.12
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	K-ALPHA-1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000123416
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602530
Entrez	10376

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 13 — 10 protein_coding, 2 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000332858, ENST00000336023, ENST00000547476, ENST00000547765, ENST00000549870, ENST00000550367, ENST00000551324, ENST00000552984, ENST00000920097, ENST00000920098, ENST00000920099, ENST00000920100, ENST00000920101

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_006082 NM_006082

CCDS: CCDS31792

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000336023 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002364243	49127782	49128938
ENSE00003483466	49129242	49129390
ENSE00003562279	49129500	49129722
ENSE00003634293	49131298	49131395

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 153 present calls, max score 99.95.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 2023.6541 / max 9793.5382, expressed in 1828 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (8 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
130815	2012.6204	1828
130809	6.0600	1560
130810	2.1437	1042
130812	1.7782	875
130813	0.6607	286
130811	0.2188	64
206687	0.1156	26
130814	0.0566	15

Top tissues by expression

153 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	99.95	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	99.90	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	99.90	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	99.89	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	99.88	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	99.88	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	99.86	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	99.86	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	99.86	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	99.86	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	99.86	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	99.84	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	99.84	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	99.80	gold quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	99.79	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	99.79	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	99.79	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	99.79	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	99.77	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	99.74	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	99.70	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	99.69	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	99.68	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	99.68	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	99.67	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	99.66	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	99.66	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	99.66	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	99.66	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	99.65	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 86 experiment(s), a significant marker in 62.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-79	yes	10163.25
E-GEOD-93593	yes	8469.28
E-HCAD-5	yes	8004.44
E-MTAB-9435	yes	7930.46
E-HCAD-25	yes	7630.57
E-MTAB-5061	yes	7458.31
E-HCAD-10	yes	7367.84
E-CURD-112	yes	6004.52
E-GEOD-135922	yes	5995.98
E-HCAD-6	yes	5977.90
E-HCAD-4	yes	5875.48
E-GEOD-114530	yes	5448.15
E-MTAB-10662	yes	5413.25
E-MTAB-7407	yes	5377.63
E-MTAB-10432	yes	5200.38

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): PPARA, RORA

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

27 targeting TUBA1B, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3134	100.00	66.43	777
HSA-MIR-223-3P	99.99	70.14	1140
HSA-MIR-4534	99.99	66.58	1907
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-8082	99.95	67.27	1170
HSA-MIR-6124	99.87	69.78	3551
HSA-MIR-10395-5P	99.86	67.35	676
HSA-MIR-3617-5P	99.75	69.41	1968
HSA-MIR-641	99.75	69.35	1975
HSA-MIR-4802-3P	99.72	70.13	1273
HSA-MIR-6132	99.60	65.83	1554
HSA-MIR-6836-5P	99.60	65.62	1538
HSA-MIR-4643	99.49	67.63	1791
HSA-MIR-569	99.42	66.32	1009
HSA-MIR-1272	99.34	68.79	878
HSA-MIR-6797-3P	99.17	66.94	668
HSA-MIR-10399-5P	99.17	69.87	2610
HSA-MIR-6504-3P	99.17	69.31	2891
HSA-MIR-4717-3P	99.06	66.34	1072
HSA-MIR-6076	98.61	65.69	637
HSA-MIR-1322	97.98	68.96	625
HSA-MIR-4314	97.50	67.30	1369
HSA-MIR-6895-5P	97.05	64.96	522
HSA-MIR-3192-5P	96.98	65.76	1926
HSA-MIR-3918	96.13	64.65	1300

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 93.0% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 29)

• increased levels in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells (PMID:12054644)
• Candidate gene K-ALPHA-1 expression in malignant and non-malignant prostate tissue samples after microdissection. (PMID:17628775)
• accumulation of alpha-synuclein might contribute to the pathogenesis of PD and other Lewy body diseases by promoting alterations in parkin and tubulin solubility (PMID:18195004)
• N-terminal sequencing and blastx analysis as well as blocking with K-alpha1 tubulin-specific Ab identified the epithelial Ag as K-alpha1 tubulin[K-alpha1 tubulin] (PMID:18354170)
• mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12 3’-UTR interacts specifically with TRAP1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein1), hnRNPM4 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M4), Hsp70 and Hsp60 (heat shock proteins 70 and 60), and alpha-tubulin (PMID:18790094)
• These results imply that MeCP2 is involved in the regulation of neuronal alpha-tubulin and add molecular evidence that reversal of the effects of MeCP2 deficiency is achievable (PMID:19174478)
• Increased expression of centrosomal TUBA1B in atypical ductal hyperplasia and carcinoma of the breast is reported. (PMID:19215229)
• This protein has been found differentially expressed in the Wernicke’s Area from patients with schizophrenia. (PMID:19405953)
• alpha-tubulin interacted with ARL7. (PMID:19409876)
• Data show that 4-oxo-4-HPR inhibited tubulin polymerization and modulated gene expression of spindle aberration associated genes Kif 1C, Kif 2A, Eg5, Tara, tankyrase-1, centractin, and TOGp. (PMID:19996280)
• Confocal microscopic analyses showed co-localization of the TaSP protein with alpha-tubulin and reciprocal immuno-co-precipitation experiments demonstrated an association of TaSP with alpha-tubulin in vivo. (PMID:20162433)
• the ethyl acetate extract of Lactuca sativa induced HL-60 cell death, which correlated with the acetylation of alpha-tubulin. (PMID:20204303)
• This protein has been found differentially expressed in the anterior cingulate cortex from patients with schizophrenia (PMID:20381070)
• TQ induced a concentration- and time-dependent degradation of alpha/beta tubulin in both cancer cell types. (PMID:21881916)
• ARHGAP21 is a Rho-GAP involved in cell-cell junction remodeling that affects migration and EMT through alpha-tubulin interaction and acetylation (PMID:23235160)
• Increased TUBA1B expression is associated with poor overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. (PMID:23625295)
• Data indicate that the derivatives exhibited much better potency to inhibit tubulin polymerization but a decreased activity to inhibit Hsp27 chaperone function. (PMID:23767669)
• Results suggest that lithium chloride (LiCl) treatments activate alpha-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 (alphaTAT1) by the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3beta) and promote the alpha-tubulin acetylation, and then elongate the primary cilia. (PMID:24760594)
• NAD-dependent regulation of alpha-tubulin acetylation is mediated by SIRT2. (PMID:24814981)
• TUBA1B/ESR1 gene interaction might play pivotal roles in the occurrence and development of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. (PMID:26676054)
• Taken together our data provide valuable information regarding the interaction of CK1delta and a-tubulin and a novel approach for the development of pharmacological tools to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells. (PMID:26996302)
• Data show that retinal endothelial cells (HREC) treated with low molecular weight fraction of commercial 5% human serum albumin (LMWF5A) exhibit a rapid increase in the amount and distribution of acetylated alpha-tubulin. (PMID:27613088)
• The C-terminal tail from the tubulin beta I isotype, but not the beta III isotype, formed contacts in the putative binding site of a recently discovered antineoplastic peptide that disrupts microtubule formation in glioma cells. (PMID:28290671)
• Structure of spastin bound to a glutamate-rich peptide implies a hand-over-hand mechanism of substrate translocation. (PMID:31767681)
• The Expression and Potential Role of Tubulin Alpha 1b in Wilms’ Tumor. (PMID:32908931)
• Lower levels of tubulin alpha 1b in the frontal pole in schizophrenia supports a role for changed cytoskeletal dynamics in the aetiology of the disorder. (PMID:34274903)
• Dynamic Network Biomarker of Pre-Exhausted CD8(+) T Cells Contributed to T Cell Exhaustion in Colorectal Cancer. (PMID:34434188)
• Integrated regulation of tubulin tyrosination and microtubule stability by human alpha-tubulin isotypes. (PMID:37379209)
• Tubulin Alpha-1b as a Potential Biomarker for Lung Adenocarcinoma Diagnosis and Prognosis. (PMID:37489256)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Tuba1b	ENSMUSG00000023004
rattus_norvegicus	Tuba1b	ENSRNOG00000072536
drosophila_melanogaster	alphaTub84B	FBGN0003884
drosophila_melanogaster	alphaTub84D	FBGN0003885

Paralogs (23): TUBG2 (ENSG00000037042), TUBE1 (ENSG00000074935), TUBA3D (ENSG00000075886), TUBB1 (ENSG00000101162), TUBB4A (ENSG00000104833), TUBD1 (ENSG00000108423), TUBA4A (ENSG00000127824), TUBG1 (ENSG00000131462), TUBB2A (ENSG00000137267), TUBB2B (ENSG00000137285), TUBA3E (ENSG00000152086), TUBA1A (ENSG00000167552), TUBA1C (ENSG00000167553), TUBB8B (ENSG00000173213), TUBB6 (ENSG00000176014), TUBAL3 (ENSG00000178462), TUBA8 (ENSG00000183785), TUBB4B (ENSG00000188229), TUBB (ENSG00000196230), TUBA3C (ENSG00000198033), TUBA4B (ENSG00000243910), TUBB3 (ENSG00000258947), TUBB8 (ENSG00000261456)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Tubulin alpha-1B chain — P68363 (reviewed: P68363)

Alternative names: Alpha-tubulin ubiquitous, Tubulin K-alpha-1, Tubulin alpha-ubiquitous chain

All UniProt accessions (6): P68363, F8VRK0, F8VU66, F8VVB9, F8VWV9, F8VX09

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, protein filaments consisting of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.

Subunit / interactions. Heterodimer of alpha- and beta-tubulin. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells. Interacts with gamma-tubulin; the interaction allows microtubules to nucleate from the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gTuRC). Nascent microtubule interacts (via alpha-tubulin MREC motif) with TTC5/STRAP; this interaction may result in tubulin mRNA-targeted degradation. Component of sperm flagellar doublet microtubules.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton.

Post-translational modifications. Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated, resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Polyglutamylation plays a key role in microtubule severing by spastin (SPAST). SPAST preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity by SPAST increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold. Glutamylation is also involved in cilia motility. Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are monoglycylated but not polyglycylated due to the absence of functional TTLL10 in human. Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into cilia and flagella axonemes, which is required for their stability and maintenance. Flagella glycylation controls sperm motility. Both polyglutamylation and monoglycylation can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering glycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally. Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is located inside the microtubule lumen. This modification has been correlated with increased microtubule stability, intracellular transport and ciliary assembly. Methylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is found in mitotic microtubules and is required for normal mitosis and cytokinesis contributing to genomic stability. Nitration of Tyr-451 is irreversible and interferes with normal dynein intracellular distribution. Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (MATCAP1/KIAA0895L, VASH1 or VASH2) and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), respectively. Tyrosination promotes microtubule interaction with CAP-Gly domain-containing proteins such as CLIP1, CLIP2 and DCTN1. Tyrosination regulates the initiation of dynein-dynactin motility via interaction with DCTN1, which brings the dynein-dynactin complex into contact with microtubules. In neurons, tyrosinated tubulins mediate the initiation of retrograde vesicle transport. Detyrosination is involved in metaphase plate congression by guiding chromosomes during mitosis: detyrosination promotes interaction with CENPE, promoting pole-proximal transport of chromosomes toward the equator. Detyrosination increases microtubules-dependent mechanotransduction in dystrophic cardiac and skeletal muscle. In cardiomyocytes, detyrosinated microtubules are required to resist to contractile compression during contraction: detyrosination promotes association with desmin (DES) at force-generating sarcomeres, leading to buckled microtubules and mechanical resistance to contraction.

Domain organisation. The MREC motif mediates interaction with TTC5/STRAP and may be critical for tubulin autoregulation.

Induction. Autoregulated by feedback control of mRNA degradation. In excess of soluble tubulin, TTC5/STRAP cofactor triggers cotranslation degradation of tubulin mRNA.

Similarity. Belongs to the tubulin family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P68363-1	1	yes
P68363-2	2

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_006073* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000217	Tubulin	Family
IPR002452	Alpha_tubulin	Family
IPR003008	Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase	Domain
IPR008280	Tub_FtsZ_C	Homologous_superfamily
IPR017975	Tubulin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR018316	Tubulin/FtsZ_2-layer-sand-dom	Domain
IPR023123	Tubulin_C	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036525	Tubulin/FtsZ_GTPase_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR037103	Tubulin/FtsZ-like_C	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00091, PF03953

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate + H(+) (RHEA:19669)

UniProt features (95 total): helix 24, strand 21, binding site 18, modified residue 10, turn 6, sequence conflict 4, mutagenesis site 3, chain 2, cross-link 2, region of interest 1, site 1, short sequence motif 1, splice variant 1, active site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

39 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
6S8L	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
6J8O	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.85
7PJF	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.86
6J4V	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
8VT7	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.66
7Z6S	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
8V2J	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
9COC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
9BP6	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.1
9CMM	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.1
7LXB	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.26
9HQ4	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.28
7M18	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.38
6E7B	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.5
6I2I	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
7SJ8	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
7ZCW	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
8T42	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
8U3Z	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
9F3B	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
6E7C	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.65
5IJ9	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.7
6QUS	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.7
6QVE	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.7
5IJ0	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
6QUY	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
6QVJ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
7SJ7	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
7SJ9	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
7SJA	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P68363-F1	91.85	0.84

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (2): 451 (involved in polymerization); 254

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (18): 71; 99; 140; 143; 144; 145; 146; 179; 183; 206; 224; 228 …

Post-translational modifications (12): 40, 40, 48, 232, 282, 339, 439, 443, 445, 451, 326, 370

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (3):

Position	Phenotype
254	abolished gtpase activity; microtubules have an expanded lattice with a negative twist and display high binding to micro
254	promotes microtubule nucleation efficiency and slows gtp hydrolysis.
254	abolished gtpase activity; microtubules have an expanded lattice with a positive twist and display low binding to microt

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

87 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1445148	Translocation of SLC2A4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane
R-HSA-190840	Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane
R-HSA-190861	Gap junction assembly
R-HSA-2132295	MHC class II antigen presentation
R-HSA-2467813	Separation of Sister Chromatids
R-HSA-2500257	Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
R-HSA-3371497	HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand
R-HSA-380320	Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes
R-HSA-389960	Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC
R-HSA-389977	Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway
R-HSA-437239	Recycling pathway of L1
R-HSA-5610787	Hedgehog ‘off’ state
R-HSA-5620920	Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane
R-HSA-5620924	Intraflagellar transport
R-HSA-5626467	RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs
R-HSA-5663220	RHO GTPases Activate Formins
R-HSA-6807878	COPI-mediated anterograde transport
R-HSA-6811434	COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
R-HSA-6811436	COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
R-HSA-68877	Mitotic Prometaphase
R-HSA-8852276	The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpoint
R-HSA-8955332	Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin
R-HSA-9013407	RHOH GTPase cycle
R-HSA-9609690	HCMV Early Events
R-HSA-9609736	Assembly and cell surface presentation of NMDA receptors
R-HSA-9619483	Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs
R-HSA-9646399	Aggrephagy
R-HSA-9648025	EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation
R-HSA-9668328	Sealing of the nuclear envelope (NE) by ESCRT-III
R-HSA-983189	Kinesins

MSigDB gene sets: 377 (showing top): HONMA_DOCETAXEL_RESISTANCE, REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_INTERLEUKIN_4, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_PEPTIDE, MORF_UBE2I, MATTIOLI_MGUS_VS_PCL, PID_PRL_SIGNALING_EVENTS_PATHWAY, THEILGAARD_NEUTROPHIL_AT_SKIN_WOUND_DN, WEIGEL_OXIDATIVE_STRESS_BY_TBH_AND_H2O2, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, REACTOME_MEMBRANE_TRAFFICKING, PUJANA_CHEK2_PCC_NETWORK, SHETH_LIVER_CANCER_VS_TXNIP_LOSS_PAM1, GROSS_ELK3_TARGETS_UP

GO Biological Process (7): microtubule cytoskeleton organization (GO:0000226), mitotic cell cycle (GO:0000278), microtubule-based process (GO:0007017), cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport (GO:0030705), cell division (GO:0051301), cellular response to interleukin-4 (GO:0071353), cytoskeleton organization (GO:0007010)

GO Molecular Function (9): double-stranded RNA binding (GO:0003725), GTPase activity (GO:0003924), structural molecule activity (GO:0005198), structural constituent of cytoskeleton (GO:0005200), GTP binding (GO:0005525), ubiquitin protein ligase binding (GO:0031625), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), protein binding (GO:0005515), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (6): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), microtubule (GO:0005874), cytoplasmic microtubule (GO:0005881), cilium (GO:0005929), microtubule cytoskeleton (GO:0015630), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-16 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Mitotic Prometaphase	2
Assembly of the 9+0 primary cilium	2
RHO GTPase Effectors	2
Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport	2
Membrane Trafficking	1
Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane	1
Gap junction trafficking	1
Adaptive Immune System	1
Mitotic Anaphase	1
Cellular responses to stress	1
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding	1
Protein folding	1
L1CAM interactions	1
Signaling by Hedgehog	1
ER to Golgi Anterograde Transport	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cytoskeleton organization	2
cellular process	2
cytoskeleton	2
microtubule-based process	1
cell cycle	1
mitotic nuclear division	1
intracellular transport	1
response to interleukin-4	1
cellular response to cytokine stimulus	1
organelle organization	1
RNA binding	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
molecular_function	1
structural molecule activity	1
guanyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
microtubule cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1
cytoplasm	1
microtubule	1
intraciliary transport particle	1
membrane-bounded organelle	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

215 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
STAG2	RAD21	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.970
EHMT2	WIZ	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
MTMR2	CCDC22	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
CCT2	TXNDC9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.710
TUBB3	TUBA1B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.660
TUBA1B	TXNDC9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
MAPK7	PFDN6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
ATXN7L3	USP27X	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
KDM5A	SIN3B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
LIN28A	IGF2BP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
NCBP1	KPNA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
CCT3	TXNDC9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
CCT5	TXNDC9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
THOC1	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
TUBA1B	AGTRAP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
AGTRAP	TUBA1B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
APP	TUBA1B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SNCA	TUBA1B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MAP2K2	BAG2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
KDM6A	KMT2D	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PPP2R2B	DDX3X	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.460

BioGRID (644): TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), AGTRAP (Two-hybrid), MTCL1 (Reconstituted Complex), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Reconstituted Complex), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Reconstituted Complex), TUBA1B (Biochemical Activity), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A5A6J1, P02550, P02552, P05213, P05214, P06603, P06604, P06605, P08537, P09644, P0DPH7, P0DPH8, P18258, P18288, P30436, P34690, P36220, P41383, P52273, P68360, P68361, P68362, P68363, P68365, P68366, P68367, P68368, P68369, P68370, P68373, P81947, P81948, Q06331, Q28IX8, Q2HJ86, Q2XVP4, Q32KN8, Q3ZCJ7, Q4R538, Q52PV9

Diamond homologs: A0AAL4, A5A6J1, B9DGT7, B9DHQ0, O22347, O22348, O22349, P02550, P02552, P04105, P04106, P05213, P05214, P06603, P06604, P08537, P09204, P09205, P09243, P0DPH7, P0DPH8, P10872, P10873, P11139, P11237, P11480, P11481, P12543, P14640, P14641, P14642, P18258, P18288, P22275, P28268, P28287, P28752, P29511, P30436, P32255

SIGNOR signaling

6 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
NUMA1	up-regulates	TUBA1B	binding
TTL	down-regulates	TUBA1B	tyrosination
SETD2	“up-regulates activity”	TUBA1B	methylation
“Elongator complex”	“up-regulates activity”	TUBA1B	acetylation
TUBA1B	up-regulates	Neuron_migration
ATAT1	“up-regulates quantity by stabilization”	TUBA1B	acetylation

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 258 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC	8	18.3×	8e-06
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC	6	14.8×	1e-03
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding	6	14.2×	1e-03
Dengue Virus Genome Translation and Replication	6	11.1×	3e-03
Chaperonin-mediated protein folding	6	10.5×	3e-03
Aggrephagy	7	10.1×	1e-03
FCERI mediated MAPK activation	5	10.1×	7e-03
Protein folding	6	9.1×	4e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
protein folding	12	5.5×	3e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

23 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	4
Likely benign	1
Benign	4

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

376 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:49128935:CAGC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49128937:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49128937:GCCTG:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:49128938:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49128938:CCTG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:49128939:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129236:GCTTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
12:49129237:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:49129238:TTAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:49129239:TACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:49129240:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49129240:AC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49129240:ACCA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
12:49129240:ACCAG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49129241:C:CG	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49129241:CC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49129241:CCA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49129241:CCAG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49129241:CCAGC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49129386:TTCAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129387:TCAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129387:TCATC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129388:CAT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129388:CATC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129388:CATCT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129389:AT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129389:ATCTG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129390:TCTGG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129391:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49129391:CT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2975 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:49128023:C:G	D431H	1.000
12:49128031:A:G	L428P	1.000
12:49128031:A:T	L428H	1.000
12:49128035:C:G	A427P	1.000
12:49128049:C:G	R422P	1.000
12:49128050:G:T	R422S	1.000
12:49128052:G:T	A421D	1.000
12:49128053:C:G	A421P	1.000
12:49128060:A:C	F418L	1.000
12:49128060:A:T	F418L	1.000
12:49128061:A:C	F418C	1.000
12:49128061:A:G	F418S	1.000
12:49128062:A:G	F418L	1.000
12:49128068:C:G	G416R	1.000
12:49128076:A:G	M413T	1.000
12:49128080:C:A	G412W	1.000
12:49128080:C:G	G412R	1.000
12:49128080:C:T	G412R	1.000
12:49128095:A:G	W407R	1.000
12:49128095:A:T	W407R	1.000
12:49128098:G:C	H406D	1.000
12:49128100:A:T	V405D	1.000
12:49128102:A:C	F404L	1.000
12:49128102:A:T	F404L	1.000
12:49128103:A:C	F404C	1.000
12:49128103:A:G	F404S	1.000
12:49128104:A:G	F404L	1.000
12:49128104:A:T	F404I	1.000
12:49128106:G:T	A403D	1.000
12:49128109:C:G	R402P	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000230147 (12:49129908 G>A,T), RS1001196149 (12:49132527 A>C), RS1001642284 (12:49128994 T>C), RS1003255509 (12:49127524 G>A,C,T), RS1003470056 (12:49132695 G>T), RS1004301572 (12:49127297 T>C), RS1005694818 (12:49130140 G>A), RS1005719741 (12:49130224 C>G), RS1006311457 (12:49131372 A>C,G), RS1007110807 (12:49131199 A>C), RS1007272084 (12:49133080 A>C,G), RS1007660054 (12:49132710 C>A,T), RS1008039303 (12:49127795 GACTTT>G), RS1009254572 (12:49132624 A>G), RS1009303739 (12:49132263 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602530 | disease phenotypes: MIM:135700

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (MONDO:0007614), neuromuscular disease (MONDO:0019056)

Orphanet (2): Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (Orphanet:45358), Neuromuscular disease (Orphanet:68381)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST008103_109	Bipolar disorder	4.000000e-06
GCST010703_9	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	8.000000e-10
GCST90010427_15	Left–right brain asymmetry	1.000000e-11
GCST90013420_4	Ambidextrousness	1.000000e-09
GCST90013421_10	Left-handedness	2.000000e-10

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0009902	handedness

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D009468	Neuromuscular Diseases	C10.668
C580012	congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (4): CHEMBL2095182 (PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP), CHEMBL3797010 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL3832941 (PROTEIN FAMILY), CHEMBL6067579 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

21 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 1,641,397 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL107	COLCHICINE	4	93,932
CHEMBL159	VINBLASTINE	4	412,636
CHEMBL33	LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	43,403
CHEMBL3545252	DOCETAXEL	4	1,009
CHEMBL364713	NOSCAPINE	4	14,987
CHEMBL378544	VINBLASTINE SULFATE	4	32,829
CHEMBL428647	PACLITAXEL	4	332,542
CHEMBL5315124	LEVOFLOXACIN	4	189
CHEMBL553025	VINORELBINE	4	142,159
CHEMBL571546	TIRBANIBULIN	4	1,192
CHEMBL61	PODOFILOX	4	37,640
CHEMBL90555	VINCRISTINE	4	268,031
CHEMBL92	DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	196,686
CHEMBL94657	PATUPILONE	3	14,934
CHEMBL20684	ABT-751	2	2,238
CHEMBL292702	MAYTANSINE	2	9,300
CHEMBL39541	DOLASTATIN-10	2	1,380
CHEMBL49642	INDIBULIN	2	963
CHEMBL528271	PARBENDAZOLE	2	6,102
CHEMBL9514	NOCODAZOLE	2	29,245
CHEMBL246600	COMBRETASTATIN	1

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

1163 potent at pChembl≥5 of 1314 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
10.26	IC50	0.0551	nM	CHEMBL5194719
9.75	IC50	0.176	nM	CHEMBL5203711
9.51	IC50	0.308	nM	VINORELBINE
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	DOLASTATIN-10
8.92	IC50	1.2	nM	CHEMBL5169466
8.85	IC50	1.4	nM	CHEMBL4575066
8.74	IC50	1.8	nM	PATUPILONE
8.59	IC50	2.6	nM	CHEMBL2024544
8.52	Ki	3	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.52	IC50	3	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.52	IC50	3	nM	DOLASTATIN-10
8.52	Kd	3	nM	CHEMBL5410715
8.52	IC50	3	nM	COLCHICINE
8.46	IC50	3.5	nM	PATUPILONE
8.38	IC50	4.2	nM	CHEMBL5197739
8.27	IC50	5.4	nM	CHEMBL5280519
8.22	IC50	6	nM	CHEMBL498271
8.05	EC50	9	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.01	EC50	9.8	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.01	IC50	9.77	nM	CHEMBL4778826
8.00	Ki	10	nM	CHEMBL381852
8.00	IC50	10	nM	CHEMBL204241
7.96	Kd	11	nM	CHEMBL5611905
7.89	IC50	12.9	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.85	Kd	14	nM	MAYTANSINE
7.70	IC50	20	nM	CHEMBL2369093
7.70	Ki	20	nM	CHEMBL369927
7.70	IC50	20	nM	CHEMBL5183440
7.70	Kd	20	nM	CHEMBL5613121
7.64	IC50	23	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.62	EC50	24	nM	CHEMBL4250191
7.58	IC50	26	nM	PIRONETIN
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL381122
7.52	IC50	30	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL203062
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL204710
7.51	EC50	31	nM	PACLITAXEL
7.40	EC50	40	nM	CHEMBL1688184
7.35	EC50	45	nM	CHEMBL4239716
7.34	IC50	46	nM	CHEMBL374257
7.33	Kd	47	nM	CHEMBL5542101
7.30	Ki	50	nM	CHEMBL196966
7.30	EC50	50	nM	CHEMBL1688183
7.30	EC50	50	nM	CHEMBL1688189
7.29	Kd	51	nM	CHEMBL5614306
7.28	EC50	53	nM	CHEMBL4241638
7.24	Kd	58	nM	COLCHICINE
7.22	Ki	60	nM	CHEMBL198522
7.16	IC50	70	nM	CHEMBL2369084
7.16	IC50	70	nM	VINBLASTINE

PubChem BioAssay actives

1090 with measured affinity, of 5781 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(Z)-1-[4-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one	1882651: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) measured every 3 secs for 1 hr by spectroflourimetric analysis	ic50	0.0001	uM
(Z)-1-[4-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one	1882651: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) measured every 3 secs for 1 hr by spectroflourimetric analysis	ic50	0.0002	uM
Vinorelbine	1993632: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0003	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-N-[(3R,4S,5S)-3-methoxy-1-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-[[(1S)-2-phenyl-1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino]propyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]-N,3-dimethylbutanamide	270819: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization	ic50	0.0005	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-N-[(3R,4S,5S)-3-methoxy-1-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(2-pyridin-2-ylethylamino)propyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]-N,3-dimethylbutanamide	1896115: Binding affinity to tubulin (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0012	uM
(3Z,6Z)-3-[(5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-6-phenacylidenepiperazine-2,5-dione	1587857: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0014	uM
(3Z,6Z)-3-[(5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-6-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)methylidene]piperazine-2,5-dione	1587857: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0026	uM
3-hydroxy-2-[N-[2-(methoxymethyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]-5-phenylcyclohex-2-en-1-one	2034736: Displacement of fluorescent probe (R)-(+)-ethyl 5-amino2-methyl-1,2-dihydro-3-phenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-ylcarbamate from tubulin colchicine binding site (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant	kd	0.0030	uM
2-methoxy-5-[(Z)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenol	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0030	uM
Colchicine	2074087: Inhibition of microtubule polymerization in human K562 cells measured for 60 mins by fluorescence based analysis	ic50	0.0030	uM
(1S,3S,7S,10R,11S,12S,16R)-7,11-dihydroxy-8,8,10,12,16-pentamethyl-3-[(E)-1-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl]-4,17-dioxabicyclo[14.1.0]heptadecane-5,9-dione	1408257: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human MCF7 cells assessed as induction of mitotic arrest	ic50	0.0035	uM
tert-butyl (3R,4S,5S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]-methylamino]-3-methoxy-5-methylheptanoate	1896110: Inhibition of tubulin (unknown origin) polymerization assessed as reduction in microtubule formation measured for 20 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.0042	uM
3-methoxy-6-[4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]benzene-1,2-diol	1929685: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human SH-SY5Y cells incubated for 24 hrs by SDS-PAGE based analysis	ic50	0.0054	uM
2-methoxy-5-[1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenol	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0060	uM
(E)-1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyltriazol-4-yl]-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one	1689700: Inhibition of Tubulin in human RPMI-8226 cells incubated for 2 hrs by ELISA	ic50	0.0098	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0100	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)phenyl]-1,3-oxazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0100	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] acetate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0110	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5S,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] (2S)-2-[acetyl(methyl)amino]propanoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0140	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0200	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-(1-diethoxyphosphorylhexylcarbamoyl)-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0200	uM
(E)-3-[5-[(2-cyanoquinolin-4-yl)-methylamino]-2-methoxyphenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0200	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] hept-6-ynoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0200	uM
N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N,5-dimethylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0240	uM
(2R,3R)-3-ethyl-2-[(E,2R,3S,4R,5S)-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylnon-7-enyl]-2,3-dihydropyran-6-one	1572465: Inhibition of tubulin alpha in human A2780 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth	ic50	0.0260	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-3-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-4-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
Paclitaxel	260235: Effect on induction of mitotic arrest by phosphohistone H3 (pH3) assay	ec50	0.0310	uM
6-(3-chloro-6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)-N-hydroxyhexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0400	uM
N,5-dimethyl-N-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0450	uM
[7-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)-6-methoxy-2H-indazol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone	280080: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin in MCF7 cells	ic50	0.0460	uM
(3S,10R,13E,16S)-10-[(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-16-[(1S)-1-[(2R,3S)-3-phenyloxiran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,4-dioxa-8,11-diazacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,5,9,12-tetrone	2061859: Binding affinity to tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by SPR analysis	kd	0.0470	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(3-methoxy-6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0500	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0500	uM
5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0500	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] benzoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0510	uM
N-ethyl-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0530	uM
3-[3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylamino)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0600	uM
Vinblastine	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0700	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-[(1-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl]-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0700	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[3-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0750	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-[[(1S)-1-diethoxyphosphorylethyl]carbamoyl]-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0800	uM
4-methoxy-2-[(Z)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]thiophene	1267532: Inhibition of Tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in dynamic tyrosinated microtubules after 2 hrs by microplate reader analysis	ec50	0.0810	uM
N-[2-[[(E)-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]carbamoyl]phenyl]furan-2-carboxamide	1882654: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0876	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(3-methoxy-6-oxobenzo[b][1,4]benzoxazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0900	uM
N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-[3-(3-methoxyanilino)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]pyridin-2-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.1000	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-[[(1R)-1-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl]-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.1000	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-(1-diethoxyphosphorylethylcarbamoyl)-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.1000	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-[[(1S)-1-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl]-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.1000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

88 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	3
bisphenol A	affects expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
perfluorooctanoic acid	affects cotreatment, affects expression, decreases expression	2
Air Pollutants	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases expression	2
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression	2
Hydrogen Peroxide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Silicon Dioxide	decreases acetylation, decreases reaction, affects secretion	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression, increases metabolic processing	2
tert-Butylhydroperoxide	decreases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
FR900359	affects phosphorylation	1
bisphenol F	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate	affects expression, affects cotreatment	1
beauvericin	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
alpha-pinene	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
decabromobiphenyl ether	decreases expression	1
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate	affects expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol	increases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
zinc chloride	increases expression	1
zinc chromate	increases abundance, decreases expression	1
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal	affects binding	1
coumarin	increases phosphorylation	1
methacrylaldehyde	increases abundance, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
diallyl trisulfide	decreases expression	1
pinosylvin	decreases expression	1
cordycepin	affects binding, decreases reaction, decreases expression, affects metabolic processing	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

1689 unique, capped per target: 1648 binding, 35 functional, 6 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1009021	Binding	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human MCF7 cells at 1 uM after 2 hrs by SDS-PAGE	A new cytotoxic epothilone from modified polyketide synthases heterologously expressed in Myxococcus xanthus. — J Nat Prod
CHEMBL4146506	ADMET	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HaCaT cells assessed as chromatin condensation at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Hoechst 33258 staining-based fluorescence microscopic analysis	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel combretastatin A-4 thio derivatives as microtubule targeting agents. — Eur J Med Chem
CHEMBL5056161	Functional	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) assessed as fluorescence intensity measured for 90 mins by DAPI based microplate reader	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indole-based [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a] pyridine derivatives as novel microtubule polymerization inhibitors. — Eur J Med Chem

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

199 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00331656	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparative Study of Non-Invasive Mask Ventilation vs Cuirass Ventilation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure.
NCT00994552	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparison of Pressure Support and Pressure Control Ventilation in Chronic Respiratory Failure
NCT00839033	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Evaluation of a Mechanical Device During Acute Respiratory Failure in Patients With Neuromuscular Disorders
NCT00942227	PHASE3	COMPLETED	The Value of Traction in Treatment of Lumbar Radiculopathy
NCT00979108	PHASE3	COMPLETED	The Value of Traction in the Treatment of Cervical Radiculopathy
NCT01826487	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Phase 3 Study of Ataluren in Participants With Nonsense Mutation Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (nmDMD)
NCT02090959	PHASE3	TERMINATED	An Extension Study of Ataluren (PTC124) in Participants With Nonsense Mutation Dystrophinopathy
NCT02436096	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate eFFIcacy and Safety of Sublingual TNX-102 SL Tablet Taken at Bedtime in Patients With fibRoMyalgia
NCT02829814	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Repeat of: A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual TNX-102 SL Tablet Taken at Bedtime in Patients With Fibromyalgia
NCT03179631	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Long-Term Outcomes of Ataluren in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
NCT05126758	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study of Deramiocel (CAP-1002) in Ambulatory and Non-Ambulatory Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
NCT05156320	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Apitegromab in Patients With Later-Onset Spinal Muscular Atrophy Treated With Nusinersen or Risdiplam
NCT05337553	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Taldefgrobep Alfa in Participants With Spinal Muscular Atrophy
NCT05626855	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Long-Term Safety & Efficacy of Apitegromab in Patients With SMA Who Completed Previous Trials of Apitegromab
NCT06672237	PHASE3	RECRUITING	A Phase 3 Study of NTLA-2001 in ATTRv-PN
NCT01074359	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Safety and Efficacy Study of A0001 in Patients With the A3243G Mitochondrial DNA Point Mutation
NCT01371149	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Patient -Ventilator Interaction in Chronic Respiratory Failure
NCT02022072	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Evaluation of Vital Capacity
NCT03127514	PHASE2	COMPLETED	AMX0035 in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
NCT03406780	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Study of CAP-1002 in Ambulatory and Non-Ambulatory Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
NCT03921528	PHASE2	COMPLETED	An Active Treatment Study of SRK-015 in Patients With Type 2 or Type 3 Spinal Muscular Atrophy
NCT05479981	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Extension of AOC 1001-CS1 (MARINA) Study in Adult Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1) Patients
NCT06339580	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Assessment of Volume-targeted Ventilation in Patients With Neuromuscular Disease
NCT07071935	PHASE2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	A Clinical Trial of Early Ventilation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (EVENT ALS)
NCT07287189	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Phase 2 Study of SAT-3247 in Pediatric Ambulatory Patients
NCT00252252	PHASE1	COMPLETED	AutoVPAP Versus VPAP; Assessment of Sleep and Ventilation
NCT01560741	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Telemedicine and Ventilator Titration in Chronic Respiratory Patients Initiating Non-invasive Ventilation
NCT01621984	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Therapeutic Riding and Neuromuscular Disease
NCT01758510	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Safety Study of HLA-haplo Matched Allogenic Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cell Treatment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
NCT03440034	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Study of Pioglitazone in Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis
NCT05730842	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion and Absolute Bioavailability of EDG-5506 in Healthy Volunteers
NCT03059420	Not specified	RECRUITING	Genetic Studies of Strabismus, Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders (CCDDs), and Their Associated Anomalies
NCT03272802	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Treatment Effect of Edaravone in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
NCT00860951	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	P300 Brain Computer Interface Keyboard to Operate Assistive Technology
NCT02362425	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Antioxidant Therapy in RYR1-Related Congenital Myopathy
NCT00001201	Not specified	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Neuromuscular Disease
NCT00002044	Not specified	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study To Evaluate the Effect of Retrovir (Zidovudine: AZT) in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Associated Dementia and Neuromuscular Diseases
NCT00004553	Not specified	COMPLETED	Electromyography to Diagnose Neuromuscular Disorders
NCT00015470	Not specified	COMPLETED	Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients With Neuromuscular Disease
NCT00017745	Not specified	COMPLETED	Phenotype/Genotype Correlations in Neuromuscular Disorders