TUBA1C

Summary

TUBA1C (tubulin alpha 1c, HGNC:20768) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q13.12, encoding Tubulin alpha-1C chain (Q9BQE3). Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 90.9% of cancer cell lines).

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of cytoskeleton. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization and mitotic cell cycle. Located in cilium; microtubule cytoskeleton; and nucleus.

Source: NCBI Gene 84790 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 7
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 46 total — 2 pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 5
• Druggable target: yes — 21 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 90.9% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_032704

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:20768
Approved symbol	TUBA1C
Name	tubulin alpha 1c
Location	12q13.12
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MGC14580, MGC10851, bcm948
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000167553
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	621161
Entrez	84790

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 13 — 7 protein_coding, 3 nonsense_mediated_decay, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000301072, ENST00000541364, ENST00000548470, ENST00000549183, ENST00000549554, ENST00000549818, ENST00000550574, ENST00000552125, ENST00000552448, ENST00000931109, ENST00000931110, ENST00000931111, ENST00000931112

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_032704 NM_001303114, NM_001303115, NM_001303116, NM_001303117, NM_032704

CCDS: CCDS76556, CCDS8782

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000301072 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002391827	49272253	49274600
ENSE00003480011	49269465	49269687
ENSE00003484760	49269828	49269976
ENSE00003900077	49265082	49265184

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 288 present calls, max score 99.97.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 670.0787 / max 5779.8468, expressed in 1826 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (7 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
125310	667.3776	1825
125311	1.3245	766
125312	1.0202	622
125302	0.1776	66
125306	0.1287	37
125304	0.0252	7
125305	0.0249	8

Top tissues by expression

288 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	99.97	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	99.97	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	99.96	gold quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	99.95	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	99.94	gold quality
inferior olivary complex	UBERON:0002127	99.93	gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	99.93	gold quality
superior vestibular nucleus	UBERON:0007227	99.93	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	99.92	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	99.92	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	99.91	gold quality
medulla oblongata	UBERON:0001896	99.91	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	99.91	gold quality
subthalamic nucleus	UBERON:0001906	99.91	gold quality
ventral tegmental area	UBERON:0002691	99.91	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	99.89	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	99.89	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	99.88	gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	99.88	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	99.85	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	99.85	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	99.85	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	99.82	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	99.82	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	99.79	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	99.78	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	99.76	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	99.75	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	99.75	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	99.73	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 17 experiment(s), a significant marker in 13.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-7051	yes	3867.17
E-MTAB-6308	yes	938.50
E-MTAB-7381	yes	843.39
E-HCAD-1	yes	218.91
E-MTAB-6701	yes	77.75
E-CURD-112	yes	33.50
E-HCAD-6	yes	25.74
E-HCAD-13	yes	22.50
E-GEOD-81547	yes	22.27
E-CURD-46	yes	19.51
E-MTAB-9543	yes	15.66
E-MTAB-9067	yes	10.93
E-MTAB-7037	no	4187.84
E-MTAB-7052	no	2529.50
E-GEOD-93593	no	14.98

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

8 targeting TUBA1C, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-589-3P	99.91	69.62	2088
HSA-MIR-4694-3P	99.79	69.53	2640
HSA-MIR-3617-5P	99.75	69.41	1968
HSA-MIR-584-3P	99.35	67.69	1082
HSA-MIR-122-5P	97.23	64.92	1024
HSA-MIR-4433B-3P	97.22	63.62	663
HSA-MIR-4445-3P	93.28	66.18	106
HSA-MIR-548AL	93.28	65.60	109

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 90.9% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 7)

• These results suggest that tubulin alpha-6 chain is one of the candidates for biomarkers for well-differentiated hepatitis C virus-associated human hepatocellular carcinoma. (PMID:21965743)
• Circular RNA TUBA1C accelerates the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer by sponging miR-143-3p. (PMID:32599139)
• Tektin4 loss promotes triple-negative breast cancer metastasis through HDAC6-mediated tubulin deacetylation and increases sensitivity to HDAC6 inhibitor. (PMID:33654196)
• TUBA1C expression promotes proliferation by regulating the cell cycle and indicates poor prognosis in glioma. (PMID:34517210)
• Tubulin alpha 1c promotes aerobic glycolysis and cell growth through upregulation of yes association protein expression in breast cancer. (PMID:34845165)
• The oncogenic role of tubulin alpha-1c chain in human tumours. (PMID:35513790)
• TUBA1C: a new potential target of LncRNA EGFR-AS1 promotes gastric cancer progression. (PMID:36941595)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Tuba1c	ENSMUSG00000043091
rattus_norvegicus	Tuba1c	ENSRNOG00000075184
drosophila_melanogaster	alphaTub84B	FBGN0003884
drosophila_melanogaster	alphaTub84D	FBGN0003885

Paralogs (23): TUBG2 (ENSG00000037042), TUBE1 (ENSG00000074935), TUBA3D (ENSG00000075886), TUBB1 (ENSG00000101162), TUBB4A (ENSG00000104833), TUBD1 (ENSG00000108423), TUBA1B (ENSG00000123416), TUBA4A (ENSG00000127824), TUBG1 (ENSG00000131462), TUBB2A (ENSG00000137267), TUBB2B (ENSG00000137285), TUBA3E (ENSG00000152086), TUBA1A (ENSG00000167552), TUBB8B (ENSG00000173213), TUBB6 (ENSG00000176014), TUBAL3 (ENSG00000178462), TUBA8 (ENSG00000183785), TUBB4B (ENSG00000188229), TUBB (ENSG00000196230), TUBA3C (ENSG00000198033), TUBA4B (ENSG00000243910), TUBB3 (ENSG00000258947), TUBB8 (ENSG00000261456)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Tubulin alpha-1C chain — Q9BQE3 (reviewed: Q9BQE3)

Alternative names: Alpha-tubulin 6, Tubulin alpha-6 chain

All UniProt accessions (5): Q9BQE3, F5H5D3, F8VRK1, F8VS66, H0YHV2

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.

Subunit / interactions. Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton.

Post-translational modifications. Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated, resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Polyglutamylation plays a key role in microtubule severing by spastin (SPAST). SPAST preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity by SPAST increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold. Glutamylation is also involved in cilia motility. Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are monoglycylated but not polyglycylated due to the absence of functional TTLL10 in human. Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into cilia and flagella axonemes, which is required for their stability and maintenance. Flagella glycylation controls sperm motility. Both polyglutamylation and monoglycylation can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering glycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally. Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is located inside the microtubule lumen. This modification has been correlated with increased microtubule stability, intracellular transport and ciliary assembly. Methylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is found in mitotic microtubules and is required for normal mitosis and cytokinesis contributing to genomic stability. Nitration of Tyr-449 is irreversible and interferes with normal dynein intracellular distribution. Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (MATCAP1/KIAA0895L, VASH1 or VASH2) and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), respectively. Tyrosination promotes microtubule interaction with CAP-Gly domain-containing proteins such as CLIP1, CLIP2 and DCTN1. Tyrosination regulates the initiation of dynein-dynactin motility via interaction with DCTN1, which brings the dynein-dynactin complex into contact with microtubules. In neurons, tyrosinated tubulins mediate the initiation of retrograde vesicle transport. Detyrosination is involved in metaphase plate congression by guiding chromosomes during mitosis: detyrosination promotes interaction with CENPE, promoting pole-proximal transport of chromosomes toward the equator. Detyrosination increases microtubules-dependent mechanotransduction in dystrophic cardiac and skeletal muscle. In cardiomyocytes, detyrosinated microtubules are required to resist to contractile compression during contraction: detyrosination promotes association with desmin (DES) at force-generating sarcomeres, leading to buckled microtubules and mechanical resistance to contraction.

Disease relevance. Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 24 (OZEMA24) [MIM:621232] An autosomal recessive female infertility disorder characterized by preimplantation embryo maturation arrest. The disease may be caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Domain organisation. The MREC motif may be critical for tubulin autoregulation.

Similarity. Belongs to the tubulin family.

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001290043, NP_001290044, NP_001290045, NP_001290046, NP_116093* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000217	Tubulin	Family
IPR002452	Alpha_tubulin	Family
IPR003008	Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase	Domain
IPR008280	Tub_FtsZ_C	Homologous_superfamily
IPR017975	Tubulin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR018316	Tubulin/FtsZ_2-layer-sand-dom	Domain
IPR023123	Tubulin_C	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036525	Tubulin/FtsZ_GTPase_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR037103	Tubulin/FtsZ-like_C	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00091, PF03953

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate + H(+) (RHEA:19669)

UniProt features (22 total): binding site 9, modified residue 5, chain 2, site 1, region of interest 1, sequence variant 1, short sequence motif 1, compositionally biased region 1, active site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9BQE3-F1	91.70	0.80

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (2): 449 (involved in polymerization); 254

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (9): 144; 145; 179; 206; 228; 11; 71; 71; 140

Post-translational modifications (5): 40, 282, 432, 439, 449

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

86 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1445148	Translocation of SLC2A4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane
R-HSA-190840	Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane
R-HSA-190861	Gap junction assembly
R-HSA-2132295	MHC class II antigen presentation
R-HSA-2467813	Separation of Sister Chromatids
R-HSA-2500257	Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
R-HSA-3371497	HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand
R-HSA-380320	Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes
R-HSA-389957	Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC
R-HSA-389960	Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC
R-HSA-389977	Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway
R-HSA-437239	Recycling pathway of L1
R-HSA-5610787	Hedgehog ‘off’ state
R-HSA-5620920	Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane
R-HSA-5620924	Intraflagellar transport
R-HSA-5626467	RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs
R-HSA-5663220	RHO GTPases Activate Formins
R-HSA-6807878	COPI-mediated anterograde transport
R-HSA-6811434	COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
R-HSA-6811436	COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
R-HSA-68877	Mitotic Prometaphase
R-HSA-8852276	The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpoint
R-HSA-8955332	Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin
R-HSA-9609690	HCMV Early Events
R-HSA-9609736	Assembly and cell surface presentation of NMDA receptors
R-HSA-9619483	Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs
R-HSA-9646399	Aggrephagy
R-HSA-9648025	EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation
R-HSA-9668328	Sealing of the nuclear envelope (NE) by ESCRT-III
R-HSA-983189	Kinesins

MSigDB gene sets: 295 (showing top): REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, REACTOME_MEMBRANE_TRAFFICKING, RUTELLA_RESPONSE_TO_CSF2RB_AND_IL4_UP, GROSS_HYPOXIA_VIA_ELK3_UP, BACH2_01, RUTELLA_RESPONSE_TO_HGF_VS_CSF2RB_AND_IL4_DN, TGANTCA_AP1_C, GOBP_MITOTIC_CELL_CYCLE, PETRETTO_CARDIAC_HYPERTROPHY, NRF2_Q4, AACTTT_UNKNOWN, FISCHER_DREAM_TARGETS, REACTOME_GAP_JUNCTION_ASSEMBLY

GO Biological Process (6): microtubule cytoskeleton organization (GO:0000226), mitotic cell cycle (GO:0000278), microtubule-based process (GO:0007017), cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport (GO:0030705), cell division (GO:0051301), cytoskeleton organization (GO:0007010)

GO Molecular Function (7): structural molecule activity (GO:0005198), structural constituent of cytoskeleton (GO:0005200), GTP binding (GO:0005525), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (8): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), microtubule (GO:0005874), cytoplasmic microtubule (GO:0005881), cilium (GO:0005929), microtubule cytoskeleton (GO:0015630), vesicle (GO:0031982), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-15 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Mitotic Prometaphase	2
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding	2
Assembly of the 9+0 primary cilium	2
RHO GTPase Effectors	2
Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport	2
Membrane Trafficking	1
Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane	1
Gap junction trafficking	1
Adaptive Immune System	1
Mitotic Anaphase	1
Cellular responses to stress	1
Protein folding	1
L1CAM interactions	1
Signaling by Hedgehog	1
ER to Golgi Anterograde Transport	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cytoskeleton organization	2
cellular process	2
cytoskeleton	2
membrane-bounded organelle	2
microtubule-based process	1
cell cycle	1
mitotic nuclear division	1
intracellular transport	1
organelle organization	1
molecular_function	1
structural molecule activity	1
guanyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
microtubule cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1
cytoplasm	1
microtubule	1
intraciliary transport particle	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

5232 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TUBA1C	TUBB2A	Q13885	933
TUBA1C	TUBB	P05218	886
TUBA1C	TUBB4A	P04350	860
TUBA1C	TUBB3	Q13509	858
TUBA1C	TUBB6	Q9BUF5	810
TUBA1C	TUBB2B	Q9BVA1	809
TUBA1C	TUBB1	Q9H4B7	807
TUBA1C	TUBB4B	P05217	807
TUBA1C	TUBB8	Q3ZCM7	807
TUBA1C	ROBO3	Q96MS0	769
TUBA1C	HTATIP2	Q9BUP3	761
TUBA1C	YWHAZ	P29213	591
TUBA1C	TUBA1B	P04687	545
TUBA1C	YWHAQ	P27348	533
TUBA1C	YWHAE	P29360	531

IntAct

338 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
HIF1AN	APBA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.850
TPT1	XRCC6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
TUBA1B	TXNDC9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
NCBP2	KPNA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
CCT2	PPP6C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
KLK5	DENND11	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
VAPA	FAM83G	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
UQCRQ	COX7A2L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
TUBA1C	CCT6A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
TJP1	ACTN4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.600
TPT1	TUBA1C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.570
TUBA1C	VIM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
VIM	TUBA1C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LAMP2	TUBA1C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SH3GLB1	TUBA1C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PRPF40A	TUBA1C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
NOM1	RPLP0	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (585): TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1C (Reconstituted Complex), TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1C (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPL2 (Co-fractionation), TUBA1C (Co-fractionation), TUBA1C (Co-fractionation), TUBA1C (Co-fractionation), TUBB (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: A5A6J1, P02550, P02552, P05213, P05214, P06603, P06604, P06605, P08537, P09644, P0DPH7, P0DPH8, P18258, P18288, P30436, P34690, P36220, P41383, P52273, P68360, P68361, P68362, P68363, P68365, P68366, P68367, P68368, P68369, P68370, P68373, P81947, P81948, Q06331, Q28IX8, Q2HJ86, Q2XVP4, Q32KN8, Q3ZCJ7, Q4R538, Q52PV9

Diamond homologs: A0AAL4, A5A6J1, B9DGT7, B9DHQ0, O22347, O22348, O22349, P02550, P02552, P04105, P04106, P05213, P05214, P06603, P06604, P08537, P09204, P09205, P09243, P0DPH7, P0DPH8, P10872, P10873, P11139, P11237, P11480, P11481, P12543, P14640, P14641, P14642, P18258, P18288, P22275, P28268, P28287, P28752, P29511, P30436, P32255

SIGNOR signaling

5 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
NUMA1	up-regulates	TUBA1C	binding
TTL	down-regulates	TUBA1C	tyrosination
“Elongator complex”	“up-regulates activity”	TUBA1C	acetylation
TUBA1C	up-regulates	Neuron_migration
ATAT1	“up-regulates quantity by stabilization”	TUBA1C	acetylation

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 247 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane	8	28.4×	2e-08
Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane	8	28.4×	2e-08
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC	10	27.6×	6e-10
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding	10	26.7×	6e-10
Gap junction trafficking and regulation	8	24.9×	4e-08
Gap junction trafficking	8	24.9×	4e-08
Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway	8	24.9×	4e-08
Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs	9	22.4×	2e-08

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	6	10.2×	9e-03
autophagosome maturation	6	10.0×	9e-03
microtubule cytoskeleton organization	15	8.7×	3e-07
mitotic cell cycle	9	5.7×	9e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

46 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	2
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	36
Likely benign	4
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
3901262	Q358*	Pathogenic
3901263	TUBA1C, 1-BP DEL, NT1330	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

613 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:49269461:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269461:ACAGC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269462:C:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269463:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269463:AG:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:49269463:AGC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269463:AGCGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269464:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:49269464:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269464:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269464:GCG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269464:GCGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269464:GCGTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269686:TG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49269687:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49269688:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
12:49269688:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
12:49269689:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
12:49269814:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269814:ATCAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269815:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269817:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269817:AT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269818:T:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269818:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269825:CAGAT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:49269826:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269826:A:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:49269826:AGAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:49269827:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2961 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:49269522:T:A	W21R	1.000
12:49269522:T:C	W21R	1.000
12:49269529:T:C	L23P	1.000
12:49269562:G:A	G34D	1.000
12:49269649:C:A	P63H	1.000
12:49269907:C:A	N102K	1.000
12:49269907:C:G	N102K	1.000
12:49269912:C:A	A104D	1.000
12:49269917:G:A	G106R	1.000
12:49269917:G:C	G106R	1.000
12:49269917:G:T	G106W	1.000
12:49269918:G:A	G106E	1.000
12:49272264:C:G	C129W	1.000
12:49272277:G:C	G134R	1.000
12:49272319:G:T	G148W	1.000
12:49272320:G:A	G148E	1.000
12:49272435:C:A	N186K	1.000
12:49272435:C:G	N186K	1.000
12:49272605:G:C	R243T	1.000
12:49272605:G:T	R243I	1.000
12:49272606:A:C	R243S	1.000
12:49272606:A:T	R243S	1.000
12:49272607:T:C	F244L	1.000
12:49272609:T:A	F244L	1.000
12:49272609:T:G	F244L	1.000
12:49272613:G:A	G246R	1.000
12:49272613:G:C	G246R	1.000
12:49272614:G:A	G246E	1.000
12:49272651:C:A	N258K	1.000
12:49272651:C:G	N258K	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000224719 (12:49265204 G>A,T), RS1000225763 (12:49252635 G>A,C), RS1000253064 (12:49258826 G>A), RS1000306720 (12:49258155 T>A,C), RS1000346448 (12:49245755 A>G), RS1000389283 (12:49244976 A>G), RS1000396507 (12:49225955 T>A,C), RS1000403442 (12:49270045 A>G), RS1000403915 (12:49258443 T>C), RS1000417057 (12:49232642 A>G), RS1000532077 (12:49227654 T>A), RS1000536459 (12:49273824 G>A), RS1000553033 (12:49232871 G>T), RS1000776308 (12:49239970 C>G,T), RS1000797588 (12:49241216 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:621161 | disease phenotypes: MIM:621232

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 24 (MONDO:0979232)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

5 total (5 of 5 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0008222	Female infertility
HP:0011462	Young adult onset
HP:0020003	Embryo developmental arrest
HP:0033712	Repeated implantation failure

GWAS associations

7 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003588_15	Cancer (pleiotropy)	9.000000e-07
GCST004616_93	Platelet distribution width	3.000000e-98
GCST010703_9	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	8.000000e-10
GCST90002390_58	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin	2.000000e-09
GCST90002395_127	Mean platelet volume	2.000000e-117
GCST90002401_240	Platelet distribution width	1.000000e-287
GCST90002402_376	Platelet count	4.000000e-26

EFO canonical traits (6, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:1001515	ovarian endometrioid carcinoma
EFO:1001516	ovarian serous carcinoma
EFO:0007984	platelet component distribution width
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0004527	mean corpuscular hemoglobin
EFO:0004309	platelet count

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (4): CHEMBL2095182 (PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP), CHEMBL3797011 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL3832941 (PROTEIN FAMILY), CHEMBL6067579 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

21 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 1,641,397 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL107	COLCHICINE	4	93,932
CHEMBL159	VINBLASTINE	4	412,636
CHEMBL33	LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	43,403
CHEMBL3545252	DOCETAXEL	4	1,009
CHEMBL364713	NOSCAPINE	4	14,987
CHEMBL378544	VINBLASTINE SULFATE	4	32,829
CHEMBL428647	PACLITAXEL	4	332,542
CHEMBL5315124	LEVOFLOXACIN	4	189
CHEMBL553025	VINORELBINE	4	142,159
CHEMBL571546	TIRBANIBULIN	4	1,192
CHEMBL61	PODOFILOX	4	37,640
CHEMBL90555	VINCRISTINE	4	268,031
CHEMBL92	DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	196,686
CHEMBL94657	PATUPILONE	3	14,934
CHEMBL20684	ABT-751	2	2,238
CHEMBL292702	MAYTANSINE	2	9,300
CHEMBL39541	DOLASTATIN-10	2	1,380
CHEMBL49642	INDIBULIN	2	963
CHEMBL528271	PARBENDAZOLE	2	6,102
CHEMBL9514	NOCODAZOLE	2	29,245
CHEMBL246600	COMBRETASTATIN	1

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

1163 potent at pChembl≥5 of 1314 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
10.26	IC50	0.0551	nM	CHEMBL5194719
9.75	IC50	0.176	nM	CHEMBL5203711
9.51	IC50	0.308	nM	VINORELBINE
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	DOLASTATIN-10
8.92	IC50	1.2	nM	CHEMBL5169466
8.85	IC50	1.4	nM	CHEMBL4575066
8.74	IC50	1.8	nM	PATUPILONE
8.59	IC50	2.6	nM	CHEMBL2024544
8.52	Ki	3	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.52	IC50	3	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.52	IC50	3	nM	DOLASTATIN-10
8.52	Kd	3	nM	CHEMBL5410715
8.52	IC50	3	nM	COLCHICINE
8.46	IC50	3.5	nM	PATUPILONE
8.38	IC50	4.2	nM	CHEMBL5197739
8.29	Kd	5.13	nM	CHEMBL3752910
8.27	IC50	5.4	nM	CHEMBL5280519
8.25	ED50	5.639	nM	CHEMBL3752910
8.22	IC50	6	nM	CHEMBL498271
8.05	EC50	9	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.01	EC50	9.8	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.01	IC50	9.77	nM	CHEMBL4778826
8.00	Ki	10	nM	CHEMBL381852
8.00	IC50	10	nM	CHEMBL204241
7.96	Kd	11	nM	CHEMBL5611905
7.89	IC50	12.9	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.85	Kd	14	nM	MAYTANSINE
7.70	IC50	20	nM	CHEMBL2369093
7.70	Ki	20	nM	CHEMBL369927
7.70	IC50	20	nM	CHEMBL5183440
7.70	Kd	20	nM	CHEMBL5613121
7.64	IC50	23	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.62	EC50	24	nM	CHEMBL4250191
7.58	IC50	26	nM	PIRONETIN
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL381122
7.52	IC50	30	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL203062
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL204710
7.51	EC50	31	nM	PACLITAXEL
7.40	EC50	40	nM	CHEMBL1688184
7.35	EC50	45	nM	CHEMBL4239716
7.34	IC50	46	nM	CHEMBL374257
7.33	Kd	47	nM	CHEMBL5542101
7.30	Ki	50	nM	CHEMBL196966
7.30	EC50	50	nM	CHEMBL1688183
7.30	EC50	50	nM	CHEMBL1688189
7.29	Kd	51	nM	CHEMBL5614306
7.28	EC50	53	nM	CHEMBL4241638
7.24	Kd	58	nM	COLCHICINE
7.22	Ki	60	nM	CHEMBL198522

PubChem BioAssay actives

1090 with measured affinity, of 5781 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(Z)-1-[4-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one	1882651: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) measured every 3 secs for 1 hr by spectroflourimetric analysis	ic50	0.0001	uM
(Z)-1-[4-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one	1882651: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) measured every 3 secs for 1 hr by spectroflourimetric analysis	ic50	0.0002	uM
Vinorelbine	1993632: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0003	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-N-[(3R,4S,5S)-3-methoxy-1-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-[[(1S)-2-phenyl-1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino]propyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]-N,3-dimethylbutanamide	270819: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization	ic50	0.0005	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-N-[(3R,4S,5S)-3-methoxy-1-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(2-pyridin-2-ylethylamino)propyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]-N,3-dimethylbutanamide	1896115: Binding affinity to tubulin (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0012	uM
(3Z,6Z)-3-[(5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-6-phenacylidenepiperazine-2,5-dione	1587857: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0014	uM
(3Z,6Z)-3-[(5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-6-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)methylidene]piperazine-2,5-dione	1587857: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0026	uM
3-hydroxy-2-[N-[2-(methoxymethyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]-5-phenylcyclohex-2-en-1-one	2034736: Displacement of fluorescent probe (R)-(+)-ethyl 5-amino2-methyl-1,2-dihydro-3-phenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-ylcarbamate from tubulin colchicine binding site (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant	kd	0.0030	uM
2-methoxy-5-[(Z)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenol	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0030	uM
Colchicine	2074087: Inhibition of microtubule polymerization in human K562 cells measured for 60 mins by fluorescence based analysis	ic50	0.0030	uM
(1S,3S,7S,10R,11S,12S,16R)-7,11-dihydroxy-8,8,10,12,16-pentamethyl-3-[(E)-1-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl]-4,17-dioxabicyclo[14.1.0]heptadecane-5,9-dione	1408257: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human MCF7 cells assessed as induction of mitotic arrest	ic50	0.0035	uM
tert-butyl (3R,4S,5S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]-methylamino]-3-methoxy-5-methylheptanoate	1896110: Inhibition of tubulin (unknown origin) polymerization assessed as reduction in microtubule formation measured for 20 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.0042	uM
4-methyl-3-[(1-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2149675: Binding affinity to human TUBA1C incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	0.0051	uM
3-methoxy-6-[4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]benzene-1,2-diol	1929685: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human SH-SY5Y cells incubated for 24 hrs by SDS-PAGE based analysis	ic50	0.0054	uM
2-methoxy-5-[1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenol	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0060	uM
(E)-1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyltriazol-4-yl]-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one	1689700: Inhibition of Tubulin in human RPMI-8226 cells incubated for 2 hrs by ELISA	ic50	0.0098	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0100	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)phenyl]-1,3-oxazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0100	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] acetate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0110	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5S,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] (2S)-2-[acetyl(methyl)amino]propanoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0140	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0200	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-(1-diethoxyphosphorylhexylcarbamoyl)-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0200	uM
(E)-3-[5-[(2-cyanoquinolin-4-yl)-methylamino]-2-methoxyphenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0200	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] hept-6-ynoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0200	uM
N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N,5-dimethylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0240	uM
(2R,3R)-3-ethyl-2-[(E,2R,3S,4R,5S)-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylnon-7-enyl]-2,3-dihydropyran-6-one	1572465: Inhibition of tubulin alpha in human A2780 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth	ic50	0.0260	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-3-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-4-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
Paclitaxel	260235: Effect on induction of mitotic arrest by phosphohistone H3 (pH3) assay	ec50	0.0310	uM
6-(3-chloro-6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)-N-hydroxyhexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0400	uM
N,5-dimethyl-N-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0450	uM
[7-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)-6-methoxy-2H-indazol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone	280080: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin in MCF7 cells	ic50	0.0460	uM
(3S,10R,13E,16S)-10-[(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-16-[(1S)-1-[(2R,3S)-3-phenyloxiran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,4-dioxa-8,11-diazacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,5,9,12-tetrone	2061859: Binding affinity to tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by SPR analysis	kd	0.0470	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(3-methoxy-6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0500	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0500	uM
5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0500	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] benzoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0510	uM
N-ethyl-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0530	uM
3-[3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylamino)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0600	uM
Vinblastine	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0700	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-[(1-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl]-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0700	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[3-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0750	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-[[(1S)-1-diethoxyphosphorylethyl]carbamoyl]-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0800	uM
4-methoxy-2-[(Z)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]thiophene	1267532: Inhibition of Tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in dynamic tyrosinated microtubules after 2 hrs by microplate reader analysis	ec50	0.0810	uM
N-[2-[[(E)-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]carbamoyl]phenyl]furan-2-carboxamide	1882654: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0876	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(3-methoxy-6-oxobenzo[b][1,4]benzoxazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0900	uM
N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-[3-(3-methoxyanilino)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]pyridin-2-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.1000	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-[[(1R)-1-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl]-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.1000	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-(1-diethoxyphosphorylethylcarbamoyl)-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.1000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

73 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	increases expression, affects cotreatment, affects binding, decreases expression	4
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression, affects expression	4
perfluorooctanoic acid	affects cotreatment, affects expression, decreases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases metabolic processing, increases expression	2
Cyclosporine	increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
FR900359	increases phosphorylation	1
bisphenol F	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate	affects cotreatment, affects expression	1
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate	affects expression	1
beta-lapachone	increases expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
ochratoxin A	increases expression	1
phenanthrene	decreases expression	1
perfluorodecanoic acid	decreases expression	1
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene	increases expression	1
diallyl trisulfide	decreases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	affects expression, affects cotreatment	1
chloropicrin	increases expression	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
K 7174	decreases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
bisphenol B	increases expression	1
2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol	decreases expression	1
bromovanin	increases expression	1
perfluorobutanesulfonic acid	affects expression, affects cotreatment	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

1689 unique, capped per target: 1648 binding, 35 functional, 6 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1009021	Binding	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human MCF7 cells at 1 uM after 2 hrs by SDS-PAGE	A new cytotoxic epothilone from modified polyketide synthases heterologously expressed in Myxococcus xanthus. — J Nat Prod
CHEMBL4146506	ADMET	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HaCaT cells assessed as chromatin condensation at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Hoechst 33258 staining-based fluorescence microscopic analysis	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel combretastatin A-4 thio derivatives as microtubule targeting agents. — Eur J Med Chem
CHEMBL5056161	Functional	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) assessed as fluorescence intensity measured for 90 mins by DAPI based microplate reader	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indole-based [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a] pyridine derivatives as novel microtubule polymerization inhibitors. — Eur J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

4 cell lines: 4 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_TV10	HAP1 TUBA1C (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_TV11	HAP1 TUBA1C (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_TV12	HAP1 TUBA1C (-) 3	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_TV13	HAP1 TUBA1C (-) 4	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.