TUBB3

Summary

TUBB3 (tubulin beta 3 class III, HGNC:20772) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16q24.3, encoding Tubulin beta-3 chain (Q13509). Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, protein filaments consisting of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. In precision oncology, TUBB3 EXPRESSION confers sensitivity to Taxane Compound in Breast Cancer (CIViC Level B); 1 further curated variant–drug associations are listed below.

This gene encodes a class III member of the beta tubulin protein family. Beta tubulins are one of two core protein families (alpha and beta tubulins) that heterodimerize and assemble to form microtubules. This protein is primarily expressed in neurons and may be involved in neurogenesis and axon guidance and maintenance. Mutations in this gene are the cause of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 6.

Source: NCBI Gene 10381 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): TUBB3-related tubulinopathy (Definitive, ClinGen) — +4 more curated relationships
• GWAS associations: 11
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 364 total — 16 pathogenic, 29 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 137
• Druggable target: yes — 21 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• Precision-oncology evidence (CIViC): 2 curated variant–drug associations
• Dosage sensitivity (ClinGen): haploinsufficiency no evidence, triplosensitivity no evidence
• MANE Select transcript: NM_006086

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:20772
Approved symbol	TUBB3
Name	tubulin beta 3 class III
Location	16q24.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	beta-4, CFEOM3, CFEOM3A
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000258947
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602661
Entrez	10381

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 16 — 7 protein_coding, 5 nonsense_mediated_decay, 3 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000315491, ENST00000553656, ENST00000553967, ENST00000554116, ENST00000554336, ENST00000554444, ENST00000554927, ENST00000555576, ENST00000555609, ENST00000555810, ENST00000556536, ENST00000556565, ENST00000557262, ENST00000557490, ENST00000680647, ENST00000680788

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_006086 NM_001197181, NM_006086

CCDS: CCDS10988, CCDS56012

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000315491 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002473274	89923342	89923458
ENSE00002847482	89934729	89936097
ENSE00003458728	89932571	89932679
ENSE00003568398	89933468	89933578

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 144 present calls, max score 99.85.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 67.4477 / max 2006.2209, expressed in 1647 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
155672	64.5336	1626
155671	2.2011	1074
155673	0.4684	193
155674	0.2446	124

Top tissues by expression

146 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	99.85	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	99.73	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	99.72	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	98.96	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	98.89	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	98.80	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	98.54	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	98.43	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	98.42	gold quality
frontal lobe	UBERON:0016525	98.42	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	98.38	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	98.28	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	98.17	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	98.08	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	98.04	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	97.97	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	97.75	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	97.73	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	97.72	gold quality
telencephalon	UBERON:0001893	97.21	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	97.16	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	97.12	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	97.12	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	97.01	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	96.61	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	96.30	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	95.82	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	95.76	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	94.34	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	94.28	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 20 experiment(s), a significant marker in 19.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-11121	yes	4437.92
E-HCAD-56	yes	4095.87
E-GEOD-93593	yes	3018.25
E-MTAB-10018	yes	2482.98
E-MTAB-6911	yes	2417.41
E-MTAB-10485	yes	2050.67
E-HCAD-5	yes	1998.14
E-GEOD-75140	yes	1363.85
E-MTAB-8221	yes	1361.24
E-MTAB-7407	yes	1293.13
E-MTAB-9906	yes	1051.62
E-GEOD-124472	yes	1014.79
E-HCAD-10	yes	560.08
E-GEOD-98556	yes	376.98
E-HCAD-13	yes	27.14

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AR, ASCL1, BHLHE23, CEBPB, EN1, FOS, HIF1A, HR, ID2, ID4, NKX2-6, NR4A1, NR4A2, RARB, REST, SCRT1, SNAI1, SOX10, SOX11, SOX17, SOX2, SOX9, SP1, SP3, TP53, TP63

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

15 targeting TUBB3, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-4650-5P	99.98	64.69	999
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-3660	99.68	67.33	1149
HSA-MIR-4526	99.68	67.07	1136
HSA-MIR-3120-3P	99.54	70.28	2669
HSA-MIR-6719-3P	99.29	67.78	1387
HSA-MIR-4477A	98.83	69.75	2952
HSA-MIR-6827-5P	98.46	64.88	1256
HSA-MIR-4660	97.79	67.44	1328
HSA-MIR-509-3-5P	97.21	67.74	1517
HSA-MIR-509-5P	97.21	67.90	1512
HSA-MIR-424-3P	97.20	65.86	385

Functional genomics

ClinGen dosage: haploinsufficiency 0 (no evidence), triplosensitivity 0 (no evidence). ClinGen Gene Dosage Map

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Patients with low beta-tubulin III levels had better response in the paclitaxel/carboplatin (PMID:12789263)
• Human brain and testis specific betaIII-tubulin diminishes microtubule assembly, and is able to confer weak resistance to paclitaxel when expressed at moderate levels in mammalian cells. (PMID:12905530)
• class III beta-tubulin has a role in paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer (PMID:15671559)
• high level of expression of class III beta-tubulin in tumor cells is associated with resistance to vinorelbine and a poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC receiving vinorelbine-based chemotherapy (PMID:16061864)
• useful to identify poor prognosis ovarian cancer patients candidates to more aggressive and/or targeted therapy. (PMID:16675570)
• Deleterious post-translational modifications of beta 3 tubulin accumulate in a pathological protein fraction in Alzheimer dissease. (PMID:16816122)
• bTubIII has a role in progression of non-small cell lung cancer (PMID:17289895)
• Data suggest that aberrant expression and interactions of betaIII-tubulin and gamma-tubulin may be linked to malignant changes in glial cells. (PMID:17406983)
• study concludes that class III beta-tubulin is expressed in some cases of major primary brain tumour types except pilocytic astrocytoma; extent of class III beta-tubulin expression is variable (PMID:17543088)
• TUBB3 is expressed in most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Up-regulation of TUBB3 in PanIN lesions suggests that microtubule dysfunction is an early feature of this disease. (PMID:17714470)
• Methylation analysis of 3’ enhancer showed that it was free of methylation in 70% cells in A2780, while in less than 16% in both TC1 and HeLa cells, thereby suggesting that TUBB3 increase upon hypoxia is abolished through methylation of the 3’ enhancer. (PMID:18178340)
• In the midgestational human brain, betaIII-tubulin is not neuron specific because it is constitutively expressed in GFAP+/nestin+ presumptive fetal astrocytes (PMID:18379434)
• roles of cys124 & ser239 in function of betaIII tubulin; results indicate roles of these residues in colchicine binding & microtubule integrity are complex & residues at which betaIII differs from other isotypes keep betaIII in functional conformation (PMID:18435451)
• Epigenetic modification involved in aberrant expression of TUBB3 is associated with ovarian cancer (PMID:18497984)
• TUBB3 was analyzed in a panel of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cell lines. (PMID:18645017)
• Study of expression of beta-III tubulin in human eye tissues during prenatal development (PMID:18946987)
• the level of tubulin beta 3 expression may predict survival in NSCLC patients receiving carboplatin and paclitaxel (PMID:18977553)
• Roles of tubulin beta 1,3 residues Ala428 and Thr429 in microtubule formation in vivo. (PMID:19074767)
• loss of TUBB3 protein may be induced by histone deacetylation in a subset of malignant melanomas, and may be associated with chemosensitivity to taxane (PMID:19122647)
• This is the first report documenting a preferential localization of beta(III)-tubulin in the invading epithelium of colorectal cancer. (PMID:19360438)
• This protein has been found differentially expressed in the Wernicke’s Area from patients with schizophrenia. (PMID:19405953)
• betaIII-tubulin expression is augmented in prostate cancer by androgen ablation and that the expression of this beta-tubulin isoform is associated with the progression of prostate cancer to the castration-resistant state. (PMID:19690549)
• Class III beta-tubulin a potential candidate to distinguish small basal cell carcinoma non-neoplastic hair buds (PMID:19724850)
• This paper reviews the evidence base for betaIII tubulin expression as a prognostic and predictive biomarker inN on-small cell lung cancer (PMID:19828208)
• The immunostaining pattern of tubulin did not correlate with age, clinical stage, histological grade, depth of invasion of endometrial cancer. (PMID:19899405)
• determination of the expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 and class IIIbeta tubulin is useful to predict the effects of platinum-based anticancer drugs. (PMID:20021611)
• Work to define the TUBB3 syndromes establishes the requirement for a neuronal beta-tubulin isotype in axon guidance and normal brain development. (PMID:20074521)
• Over-expression of class III beta-tubulin is associated with resected non-small cell lung cancer. (PMID:20087230)
• A variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lymphoproliferative disorders exhibited characteristic TUBB3 expression patterns. (PMID:20220512)
• congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscle type 3 caused by TUBB3 R262C and D417N amino acid substitutions features abnormalities: subarachnoid CN3 hypoplasia, occasional abducens nerve hypoplasia, and subclinical optic nerve hypoplasia (PMID:20393110)
• betaIII tubulin expression is emerging as a valuable biomarker for taxane resistance in advanced disease, as well as offering prognostic information for outcomes among patients with earlier stage disease. (PMID:20403547)
• HER2 and TUBB3 status might be a good biomarker for determining the most appropriate therapeutic modality in extramammary Paget disease. (PMID:20534991)
• HuR gene silencing revealed that TUBB3 translation is HuR dependent in hypoglycemia because HuR silencing inhibited the entry of TUBB3 mRNA into cytoskeletal and free polysomes. (PMID:20587520)
• Mutations in the neuronal beta-tubulin subunit TUBB3 result in malformation of cortical development and neuronal migration defects. (PMID:20829227)
• In postoperative NSCLC patients who are receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, patients with high expression of beta-tubulin 3 tend to be resistant to taxane drugs. (PMID:20868593)
• Findings suggest a role for betaIII-tubulin as candidate theranostic biomarker to predict the response to docetaxel-based chemotherapy as well as to target for treatment of docetaxel-resistant CRPC. (PMID:21045157)
• The human melanocortin 1 receptor gene, has a highly complex and inefficient poly(A) site which is instrumental in allowing intergenic splicing between this locus and its immediate downstream neighbour tubulin-beta-III (TUBB3). (PMID:21071418)
• The expression of III beta-tubulin and MDR1 may play an important role in the development and progression of human non-small cell lung cancer. (PMID:21163067)
• High TUBB3 is associated with thymic epithelial tumors. (PMID:21289518)
• class III beta-tubulin expression in prechemotherapy effusions is associated with poor chemoresponse and shorter survival in serous ovarian carcinoma. (PMID:21315408)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Tubb3	ENSMUSG00000062380
rattus_norvegicus	Tubb3	ENSRNOG00000017209

Paralogs (23): TUBG2 (ENSG00000037042), TUBE1 (ENSG00000074935), TUBA3D (ENSG00000075886), TUBB1 (ENSG00000101162), TUBB4A (ENSG00000104833), TUBD1 (ENSG00000108423), TUBA1B (ENSG00000123416), TUBA4A (ENSG00000127824), TUBG1 (ENSG00000131462), TUBB2A (ENSG00000137267), TUBB2B (ENSG00000137285), TUBA3E (ENSG00000152086), TUBA1A (ENSG00000167552), TUBA1C (ENSG00000167553), TUBB8B (ENSG00000173213), TUBB6 (ENSG00000176014), TUBAL3 (ENSG00000178462), TUBA8 (ENSG00000183785), TUBB4B (ENSG00000188229), TUBB (ENSG00000196230), TUBA3C (ENSG00000198033), TUBA4B (ENSG00000243910), TUBB8 (ENSG00000261456)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Tubulin beta-3 chain — Q13509 (reviewed: Q13509)

Alternative names: Tubulin beta-4 chain, Tubulin beta-III

All UniProt accessions (10): G3V2A3, G3V2N6, G3V2R8, G3V3J6, G3V3R4, G3V3W7, G3V4U2, G3V542, G3V5W4, Q13509

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, protein filaments consisting of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, alpha-beta tubulin heterodimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin. TUBB3 plays a critical role in proper axon guidance and maintenance. Binding of NTN1/Netrin-1 to its receptor UNC5C might cause dissociation of UNC5C from polymerized TUBB3 in microtubules and thereby lead to increased microtubule dynamics and axon repulsion. Plays a role in dorsal root ganglion axon projection towards the spinal cord.

Subunit / interactions. Heterodimer of alpha- and beta-tubulin. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells. Interacts with gamma-tubulin; the interaction allows microtubules to nucleate from the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gTuRC). Interacts with UNC5C (via cytoplasmic domain); this interaction is decreased by NTN1/Netrin-1. Interacts with NLRP5/MATER at cytoskeleton microtubules. Interacts with DPYSL5. Interacts with CFAP61.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Cell projection. Growth cone. Lamellipodium. Filopodium.

Tissue specificity. Expression is primarily restricted to central and peripheral nervous system. Greatly increased expression in most cancerous tissues.

Post-translational modifications. Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated, resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Polyglutamylation plays a key role in microtubule severing by spastin (SPAST). SPAST preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity by SPAST increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold. Glutamylation is also involved in cilia motility. Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are monoglycylated but not polyglycylated due to the absence of functional TTLL10 in human. Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into cilia and flagella axonemes, which is required for their stability and maintenance. Flagella glycylation controls sperm motility. Both polyglutamylation and monoglycylation can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering glycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally. Phosphorylated on Ser-172 by CDK1 during the cell cycle, from metaphase to telophase, but not in interphase. This phosphorylation inhibits tubulin incorporation into microtubules.

Disease relevance. Fibrosis of extraocular muscles, congenital, 3A (CFEOM3A) [MIM:600638] A congenital ocular motility disorder marked by restrictive ophthalmoplegia affecting extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor and/or trochlear nerves. It is clinically characterized by anchoring of the eyes in downward gaze, ptosis, and backward tilt of the head. Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3 presents as a non-progressive, autosomal dominant disorder with variable expression. Patients may be bilaterally or unilaterally affected, and their oculo-motility defects range from complete ophthalmoplegia (with the eyes fixed in a hypo- and exotropic position), to mild asymptomatic restrictions of ocular movement. Ptosis, refractive error, amblyopia, and compensatory head positions are associated with the more severe forms of the disorder. In some cases, the ocular phenotype is accompanied by additional features including developmental delay, corpus callosum agenesis, basal ganglia dysmorphism, facial weakness, polyneuropathy. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 1 (CDCBM1) [MIM:614039] A disorder of aberrant neuronal migration and disturbed axonal guidance. Affected individuals have mild to severe intellectual disability, strabismus, axial hypotonia, and spasticity. Brain imaging shows variable malformations of cortical development, including polymicrogyria, gyral disorganization, and fusion of the basal ganglia, as well as thin corpus callosum, hypoplastic brainstem, and dysplastic cerebellar vermis. Extraocular muscles are not involved. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Domain organisation. The highly acidic C-terminal region may bind cations such as calcium. The MREI motif is common among all beta-tubulin isoforms and may be critical for tubulin autoregulation.

Similarity. Belongs to the tubulin family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q13509-1	1	yes
Q13509-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001184110, NP_006077* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000217	Tubulin	Family
IPR002453	Beta_tubulin	Family
IPR003008	Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase	Domain
IPR008280	Tub_FtsZ_C	Homologous_superfamily
IPR013838	Beta-tubulin_BS	Binding_site
IPR017975	Tubulin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR018316	Tubulin/FtsZ_2-layer-sand-dom	Domain
IPR023123	Tubulin_C	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036525	Tubulin/FtsZ_GTPase_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR037103	Tubulin/FtsZ-like_C	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00091, PF03953

UniProt features (90 total): helix 23, binding site 22, strand 19, sequence variant 12, turn 5, modified residue 3, chain 1, region of interest 1, short sequence motif 1, splice variant 1, compositionally biased region 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

28 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
6S8L	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
7PJF	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.86
9WD9	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.26
9WD7	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.34
9WDA	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.35
9WDB	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.39
22AK	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.41
22AJ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.48
8VT7	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.66
7Z6S	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
6WSL	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.1
7LXB	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.26
7M18	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.38
6E7B	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.5
7SJ8	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
9F3B	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
5IJ9	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.7
5IJ0	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
7SJ7	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
7SJ9	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
7SJA	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
7M20	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.84
5JCO	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4
9F3S	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.2
9F3H	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.3
9F3R	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.3
8VRJ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	7.7
8VRK	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	8.5

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q13509-F1	91.55	0.82

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (22): 69; 99; 138; 138; 142; 142; 143; 143; 144; 144; 177; 204 …

Post-translational modifications (3): 172, 438, 444

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

86 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1445148	Translocation of SLC2A4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane
R-HSA-190840	Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane
R-HSA-190861	Gap junction assembly
R-HSA-2132295	MHC class II antigen presentation
R-HSA-2467813	Separation of Sister Chromatids
R-HSA-2500257	Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
R-HSA-3371497	HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand
R-HSA-380320	Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes
R-HSA-389957	Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC
R-HSA-389960	Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC
R-HSA-389977	Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway
R-HSA-437239	Recycling pathway of L1
R-HSA-5610787	Hedgehog ‘off’ state
R-HSA-5620920	Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane
R-HSA-5620924	Intraflagellar transport
R-HSA-5626467	RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs
R-HSA-5663220	RHO GTPases Activate Formins
R-HSA-6807878	COPI-mediated anterograde transport
R-HSA-6811434	COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
R-HSA-6811436	COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
R-HSA-68877	Mitotic Prometaphase
R-HSA-8852276	The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpoint
R-HSA-8955332	Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin
R-HSA-9609690	HCMV Early Events
R-HSA-9609736	Assembly and cell surface presentation of NMDA receptors
R-HSA-9619483	Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs
R-HSA-9646399	Aggrephagy
R-HSA-9648025	EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation
R-HSA-9668328	Sealing of the nuclear envelope (NE) by ESCRT-III
R-HSA-983189	Kinesins

MSigDB gene sets: 557 (showing top): WU_APOPTOSIS_BY_CDKN1A_VIA_TP53, REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, DAZARD_UV_RESPONSE_CLUSTER_G4, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, REACTOME_MEMBRANE_TRAFFICKING, SMITH_TERT_TARGETS_DN, NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_16Q24_AMPLICON, SCHAEFFER_PROSTATE_DEVELOPMENT_12HR_DN, GOBP_MITOTIC_CELL_CYCLE, HELLER_HDAC_TARGETS_SILENCED_BY_METHYLATION_UP, REACTOME_GAP_JUNCTION_ASSEMBLY, GOCC_NEURON_PROJECTION, GOBP_CELL_PROJECTION_ORGANIZATION, REACTOME_TRANSMISSION_ACROSS_CHEMICAL_SYNAPSES

GO Biological Process (8): microtubule cytoskeleton organization (GO:0000226), mitotic cell cycle (GO:0000278), axon guidance (GO:0007411), dorsal root ganglion development (GO:1990791), cytoskeleton organization (GO:0007010), microtubule-based process (GO:0007017), neuron differentiation (GO:0030182), netrin-activated signaling pathway (GO:0038007)

GO Molecular Function (8): GTPase activity (GO:0003924), structural constituent of cytoskeleton (GO:0005200), GTP binding (GO:0005525), peptide binding (GO:0042277), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), netrin receptor binding (GO:1990890), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (16): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), microtubule (GO:0005874), microtubule cytoskeleton (GO:0015630), lamellipodium (GO:0030027), filopodium (GO:0030175), axon (GO:0030424), dendrite (GO:0030425), growth cone (GO:0030426), neuronal cell body (GO:0043025), intercellular bridge (GO:0045171), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), cell periphery (GO:0071944), mitotic spindle (GO:0072686), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), cell projection (GO:0042995)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-15 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Mitotic Prometaphase	2
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding	2
Assembly of the 9+0 primary cilium	2
RHO GTPase Effectors	2
Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport	2
Membrane Trafficking	1
Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane	1
Gap junction trafficking	1
Adaptive Immune System	1
Mitotic Anaphase	1
Cellular responses to stress	1
Protein folding	1
L1CAM interactions	1
Signaling by Hedgehog	1
ER to Golgi Anterograde Transport	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	4
cytoskeleton organization	2
cytoskeleton	2
binding	2
neuron projection	2
microtubule-based process	1
cell cycle	1
mitotic nuclear division	1
axonogenesis	1
neuron projection guidance	1
ganglion development	1
organelle organization	1
cellular process	1
cell differentiation	1
generation of neurons	1
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
structural molecule activity	1
guanyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
cation binding	1
signaling receptor binding	1
netrin-activated signaling pathway	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
microtubule cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1
cell leading edge	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection	1
actin-based cell projection	1
dendritic tree	1
site of polarized growth	1
distal axon	1
somatodendritic compartment	1
cell body	1
extracellular vesicle	1
spindle	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

5826 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TUBB3	TUBA1B	P04687	943
TUBB3	KIF21A	Q7Z4S6	941
TUBB3	TUBA1C	Q9BQE3	858
TUBB3	TUBA4A	P05215	830
TUBB3	PHOX2A	O14813	815
TUBB3	TUBA8	Q9NY65	805
TUBB3	TUBA3E	Q6PEY2	804
TUBB3	TUBAL3	A6NHL2	804
TUBB3	TUBA3C	P0DPH7	804
TUBB3	TUBA1B	P04687	802
TUBB3	NES	P48681	734
TUBB3	MAP2	P11137	713
TUBB3	GFAP	P14136	695
TUBB3	RBFOX3	A6NFN3	638
TUBB3	PAX6	P26367	636

IntAct

367 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
STAU1	RPLP0	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.750
TUBA1A	TUBB3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.710
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
EFNB3	DENND11	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
KLK5	DENND11	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
EIF3F	EIF3CL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
SCN2B	EXOC5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
TUBB	PLD2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
VSIG1	TTI1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
TOMM22	XRCC3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
RAF1	CALU	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
TUBA1A	TUBA4A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.610
TUBB3	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MAPT	KIF2A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
FAM174A	BLTP3B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
BPNT1	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TMEM108	TCAF2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CD79A	METTL15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
APLNR	METTL15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
LAMP3	METTL15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
NPAS1	DNAJB5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MAPK8IP1	HOXC8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ADAMTS4	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PRG3	ZNF324	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (604): MTCL1 (Reconstituted Complex), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB3 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2AQ07, P05304, P09207, P09652, P12411, P12458, P12460, P18025, P22012, P24637, P29513, P29514, P33630, P37392, P41385, P41742, P45960, P46263, P46264, P46265, P93176, Q00264, Q13509, Q2T9S0, Q2U2U3, Q40106, Q40665, Q41782, Q41783, Q41784, Q41785, Q43594, Q43695, Q43697, Q4QRB4, Q4WA70, Q5UBX3, Q60HC2, Q6VAF4, Q76FS3

Diamond homologs: A2AQ07, A6NNZ2, O04386, O17449, O44388, P02554, P04350, P04690, P07436, P07437, P08841, P09203, P09206, P09207, P09244, P09652, P09653, P10876, P10878, P11482, P11833, P11857, P12456, P13602, P14643, P18241, P20365, P22852, P30883, P32882, P33188, P34108, P36221, P37832, P41352, P41387, P41937, P46265, P50261, P50262

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
NUMA1	up-regulates	TUBB3	binding
ixabepilone	“down-regulates activity”	TUBB3	“chemical inhibition”

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 270 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane	10	31.1×	6e-11
Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane	10	31.1×	6e-11
Gap junction trafficking and regulation	10	27.2×	1e-10
Gap junction trafficking	10	27.2×	1e-10
Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway	10	27.2×	1e-10
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC	10	24.2×	4e-10
Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs	11	23.9×	9e-11
RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs	12	23.7×	3e-11

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
microtubule-based process	6	24.5×	6e-05
response to muscle stretch	5	15.8×	5e-03
cytoplasmic microtubule organization	7	9.9×	3e-03
microtubule cytoskeleton organization	19	9.5×	2e-10
mitotic cell cycle	13	7.2×	3e-05
cerebral cortex development	8	6.8×	7e-03

Disease & clinical

Cancer significance

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

364 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	16
Likely pathogenic	29
Uncertain significance	147
Likely benign	97
Benign	29

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (30)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1343012	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.137G>A (p.Arg46Gln)	Pathogenic
1708721	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.683T>C (p.Leu228Pro)	Pathogenic
219257	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1138C>T (p.Arg380Cys)	Pathogenic
224784	c.1228G>A	Pathogenic
265354	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1172G>T (p.Arg391Leu)	Pathogenic
2744601	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.904G>T (p.Ala302Ser)	Pathogenic
30272	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.967A>G (p.Met323Val)	Pathogenic
30274	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.613G>A (p.Glu205Lys)	Pathogenic
30275	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.905C>T (p.Ala302Val)	Pathogenic
421587	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.845G>C (p.Arg282Pro)	Pathogenic
6963	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.784C>T (p.Arg262Cys)	Pathogenic
6964	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.904G>A (p.Ala302Thr)	Pathogenic
6965	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1249G>C (p.Asp417His)	Pathogenic
6966	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1249G>A (p.Asp417Asn)	Pathogenic
6967	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1228G>A (p.Glu410Lys)	Pathogenic
975630	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.577G>A (p.Val193Met)	Pathogenic
1027523	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1024G>A (p.Val342Met)	Likely pathogenic
1218943	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.728C>G (p.Pro243Arg)	Likely pathogenic
1309208	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.386G>A (p.Cys129Tyr)	Likely pathogenic
1320071	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.178G>T (p.Val60Leu)	Likely pathogenic
1320230	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1139G>C (p.Arg380Pro)	Likely pathogenic
1338328	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.212G>C (p.Gly71Ala)	Likely pathogenic
1679223	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.929A>G (p.Tyr310Cys)	Likely pathogenic
1701033	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.535G>C (p.Val179Leu)	Likely pathogenic
1708291	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.817C>G (p.Leu273Val)	Likely pathogenic
1710200	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.313C>A (p.His105Asn)	Likely pathogenic
1804227	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1172G>A (p.Arg391His)	Likely pathogenic
219254	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.185G>A (p.Arg62Gln)	Likely pathogenic
2499586	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.1138C>A (p.Arg380Ser)	Likely pathogenic
2629824	NM_006086.4(TUBB3):c.844C>G (p.Arg282Gly)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

956 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:89923454:CCAAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89923455:CAAGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89923458:GGTGA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89923459:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89923460:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89932562:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932566:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932569:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932570:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89932570:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932570:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932570:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932570:GTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932570:GTTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932570:GTTCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89932675:CTCTT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89932676:TCTT:T	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89932677:CTT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89932678:TT:T	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89932680:G:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89932680:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89932680:GTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89932681:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89933464:TCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89933464:TCAGC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89933465:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89933466:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89933466:AGCTC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89933467:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89933467:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3000 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:89923429:G:C	G10R	1.000
16:89923429:G:T	G10C	1.000
16:89923430:G:A	G10D	1.000
16:89923430:G:T	G10V	1.000
16:89923437:C:G	C12W	1.000
16:89923438:G:C	G13R	1.000
16:89923438:G:T	G13C	1.000
16:89923439:G:A	G13D	1.000
16:89923439:G:T	G13V	1.000
16:89923443:C:A	N14K	1.000
16:89923443:C:G	N14K	1.000
16:89923450:G:A	G17R	1.000
16:89923450:G:C	G17R	1.000
16:89923450:G:T	G17W	1.000
16:89923451:G:A	G17E	1.000
16:89932574:T:A	W21R	1.000
16:89932574:T:C	W21R	1.000
16:89933483:C:A	P61H	1.000
16:89933500:G:C	D67H	1.000
16:89933501:A:C	D67A	1.000
16:89933501:A:T	D67V	1.000
16:89933504:T:C	L68P	1.000
16:89933506:G:A	E69K	1.000
16:89934741:C:A	A97D	1.000
16:89934744:G:A	G98D	1.000
16:89934748:C:A	N99K	1.000
16:89934748:C:G	N99K	1.000
16:89934751:C:A	N100K	1.000
16:89934751:C:G	N100K	1.000
16:89934752:T:A	W101R	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000149094 (16:89930610 G>A,C), RS1000345330 (16:89924193 T>C), RS1000459034 (16:89920287 C>A,T), RS1000459664 (16:89934589 T>C,G), RS1000640481 (16:89923574 G>C,T), RS1000708170 (16:89936221 G>C), RS1000718434 (16:89922940 G>A), RS1000770570 (16:89923198 C>A,G), RS1000847201 (16:89927389 A>T), RS1001045041 (16:89927318 G>C,T), RS1001098353 (16:89931730 G>T), RS1001155452 (16:89929733 C>T), RS1001285040 (16:89925592 T>C), RS1001302283 (16:89927190 C>T), RS1001312940 (16:89933932 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602661 | disease phenotypes: MIM:108600, MIM:614039, MIM:607450, MIM:600638, MIM:135700, MIM:212720, MIM:607432

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
fibrosis of extraocular muscles, congenital, 3A, with or without extraocular involvement	Strong	Autosomal dominant
complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations 1	Strong	Autosomal dominant
congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles	Supportive	Autosomal dominant
tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria	Supportive	Autosomal dominant

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
TUBB3-related tubulinopathy	Definitive	AD

Mondo (13): spastic ataxia (MONDO:0017845), complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations 1 (MONDO:0013541), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 8 (MONDO:0011831), fibrosis of extraocular muscles, congenital, 3A, with or without extraocular involvement (MONDO:0010912), congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 1 (MONDO:0021083), intellectual disability (MONDO:0001071), Martsolf syndrome 1 (MONDO:8000008), TUBB3-related tubulinopathy (MONDO:0100154), prostate cancer (MONDO:0008315), neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (MONDO:0007614), lissencephaly spectrum disorders (MONDO:0018838), tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria (MONDO:0018763)

Orphanet (9): Spastic ataxia (Orphanet:316226), Cortical dysgenesis with pontocerebellar hypoplasia due to TUBB3 mutation (Orphanet:300570), Cataract-intellectual disability-hypogonadism syndrome (Orphanet:1387), Familial prostate cancer (Orphanet:1331), Male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutation (Orphanet:399805), Non-syndromic cerebral malformation (Orphanet:199633), Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (Orphanet:45358), Lissencephaly (Orphanet:48471), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Unexplained intellectual disability (Orphanet:319658)

HPO phenotypes

137 total (30 of 137 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000044	Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
HP:0000218	High palate
HP:0000252	Microcephaly
HP:0000256	Macrocephaly
HP:0000286	Epicanthus
HP:0000347	Micrognathia
HP:0000369	Low-set ears
HP:0000407	Sensorineural hearing impairment
HP:0000473	Torticollis
HP:0000486	Strabismus
HP:0000494	Downslanted palpebral fissures
HP:0000496	Abnormality of eye movement
HP:0000508	Ptosis
HP:0000512	Abnormal electroretinogram
HP:0000518	Cataract
HP:0000539	Abnormality of refraction
HP:0000542	Impaired ocular adduction
HP:0000565	Esotropia
HP:0000570	Abnormal saccadic eye movements
HP:0000572	Visual loss
HP:0000577	Exotropia
HP:0000609	Optic nerve hypoplasia
HP:0000616	Miosis
HP:0000639	Nystagmus
HP:0000646	Amblyopia
HP:0000657	Oculomotor apraxia
HP:0000712	Emotional lability
HP:0000733	Motor stereotypy
HP:0000736	Short attention span

GWAS associations

11 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST004703_1	Obsessive-compulsive disorder or autism spectrum disorder	7.000000e-07
GCST005790_41	Rosacea symptom severity	1.000000e-07
GCST006986_1	Red vs. brown/black hair color	4.000000e-08
GCST006986_18	Red vs. brown/black hair color	3.000000e-103
GCST008872_20	Squamous cell carcinoma	5.000000e-56
GCST010148_22	Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma	6.000000e-87
GCST010304_52	Cutaneous malignant melanoma	2.000000e-08
GCST010677_8	Liver fibrogenesis (alpha smooth muscle actin levels)	7.000000e-06
GCST010703_280	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	2.000000e-15
GCST90010427_19	Left–right brain asymmetry	6.000000e-15
GCST90013421_18	Left-handedness	5.000000e-24

EFO canonical traits (6, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0009180	rosacea severity measurement
EFO:0003924	hair color
EFO:1001927	cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
EFO:0010576	liver fibrosis measurement
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0009902	handedness

MeSH disease descriptors (9)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D008607	Intellectual Disability	C10.597.606.360; C23.888.592.604.646; F01.700.687; F03.625.539
D054082	Lissencephaly	C10.500.507.450.499; C16.131.666.507.450.499
D065886	Neurodevelopmental Disorders	F03.625
D011471	Prostatic Neoplasms	C04.588.945.440.770; C12.100.500.260.750; C12.100.500.565.625; C12.200.294.260.750; C12.200.294.565.625; C12.200.758.409.750; C12.900.619.750
C564400	Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Familial, 8 (supp.)
C567572	Fibrosis Of Extraocular Muscles, Congenital, 3A, with or without Extraocular Involvement (supp.)
C536028	Martsolf syndrome (supp.)
C564815	Spastic Ataxia (supp.)
C580012	congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (5): CHEMBL2095182 (PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP), CHEMBL2597 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL3832942 (PROTEIN FAMILY), CHEMBL6066055 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION), CHEMBL6066847 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

21 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 1,641,397 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL107	COLCHICINE	4	93,932
CHEMBL159	VINBLASTINE	4	412,636
CHEMBL33	LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	43,403
CHEMBL3545252	DOCETAXEL	4	1,009
CHEMBL364713	NOSCAPINE	4	14,987
CHEMBL378544	VINBLASTINE SULFATE	4	32,829
CHEMBL428647	PACLITAXEL	4	332,542
CHEMBL5315124	LEVOFLOXACIN	4	189
CHEMBL553025	VINORELBINE	4	142,159
CHEMBL571546	TIRBANIBULIN	4	1,192
CHEMBL61	PODOFILOX	4	37,640
CHEMBL90555	VINCRISTINE	4	268,031
CHEMBL92	DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	196,686
CHEMBL94657	PATUPILONE	3	14,934
CHEMBL20684	ABT-751	2	2,238
CHEMBL292702	MAYTANSINE	2	9,300
CHEMBL39541	DOLASTATIN-10	2	1,380
CHEMBL49642	INDIBULIN	2	963
CHEMBL528271	PARBENDAZOLE	2	6,102
CHEMBL9514	NOCODAZOLE	2	29,245
CHEMBL246600	COMBRETASTATIN	1

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

Drug × variant × indication: 2 predictive associations from 2 curated evidence items.

Variant	Therapy	Indication	Effect	Level	CIViC
TUBB3 EXPRESSION	Taxane Compound	Breast Cancer	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC B	EID921
TUBB3 EXPRESSION	Paclitaxel	Cancer	Resistance	CIViC D	EID920

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

4 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs2228478	MC1R, TUBB3	3	2.25	1	desipramine
rs4558416	TUBB3		0.00	0
rs4395073	TUBB3		0.00	0
rs2302898	TUBB3		0.00	0

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: other protein — Tubulins

Most potent curated ligand interactions (1 total), top 1:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
combretastatin A4	Inhibition	8.24	pIC50

ChEMBL bioactivities

1189 potent at pChembl≥5 of 1340 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
10.26	IC50	0.0551	nM	CHEMBL5194719
9.75	IC50	0.176	nM	CHEMBL5203711
9.51	IC50	0.308	nM	VINORELBINE
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	DOLASTATIN-10
8.92	IC50	1.2	nM	CHEMBL5169466
8.85	IC50	1.4	nM	CHEMBL4575066
8.74	IC50	1.8	nM	PATUPILONE
8.59	IC50	2.6	nM	CHEMBL2024544
8.59	IC50	2.6	nM	CHEMBL4800264
8.52	Ki	3	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.52	IC50	3	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.52	IC50	3	nM	DOLASTATIN-10
8.52	Kd	3	nM	CHEMBL5410715
8.52	IC50	3	nM	COLCHICINE
8.46	IC50	3.5	nM	PATUPILONE
8.38	IC50	4.2	nM	CHEMBL5197739
8.28	IC50	5.2	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.27	IC50	5.4	nM	CHEMBL5280519
8.24	IC50	5.7	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.22	IC50	6	nM	CHEMBL498271
8.11	IC50	7.7	nM	PACLITAXEL
8.09	IC50	8.2	nM	CHEMBL2425924
8.05	EC50	9	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.04	IC50	9.2	nM	PACLITAXEL
8.02	IC50	9.6	nM	CHEMBL3040513
8.02	IC50	9.6	nM	CHEMBL4758455
8.01	EC50	9.8	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
8.01	IC50	9.77	nM	CHEMBL4778826
8.00	Ki	10	nM	CHEMBL381852
8.00	IC50	10	nM	CHEMBL204241
7.96	Kd	11	nM	CHEMBL5611905
7.89	IC50	12.9	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.85	Kd	14	nM	MAYTANSINE
7.73	IC50	18.8	nM	CHEMBL2391704
7.70	IC50	20	nM	CHEMBL2369093
7.70	Ki	20	nM	CHEMBL369927
7.70	IC50	20	nM	CHEMBL5183440
7.70	Kd	20	nM	CHEMBL5613121
7.67	IC50	21.4	nM	CHEMBL2391709
7.67	Kd	21.5	nM	CHEMBL4797381
7.64	IC50	23	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.62	IC50	23.9	nM	CHEMBL1824506
7.62	EC50	24	nM	CHEMBL4250191
7.60	IC50	25	nM	CHEMBL552462
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL381122
7.52	IC50	30	nM	COMBRETASTATIN A4
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL203062
7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL204710
7.51	EC50	31	nM	PACLITAXEL
7.43	Kd	36.9	nM	CHEMBL4756812

PubChem BioAssay actives

1116 with measured affinity, of 5940 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(Z)-1-[4-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one	1882651: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) measured every 3 secs for 1 hr by spectroflourimetric analysis	ic50	0.0001	uM
(Z)-1-[4-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one	1882651: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) measured every 3 secs for 1 hr by spectroflourimetric analysis	ic50	0.0002	uM
Vinorelbine	1993632: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0003	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-N-[(3R,4S,5S)-3-methoxy-1-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-[[(1S)-2-phenyl-1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino]propyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]-N,3-dimethylbutanamide	270819: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization	ic50	0.0005	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-N-[(3R,4S,5S)-3-methoxy-1-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(2-pyridin-2-ylethylamino)propyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]-N,3-dimethylbutanamide	1896115: Binding affinity to tubulin (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0012	uM
(3Z,6Z)-3-[(5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-6-phenacylidenepiperazine-2,5-dione	1587857: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0014	uM
(3Z,6Z)-3-[(5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-6-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)methylidene]piperazine-2,5-dione	1587857: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0026	uM
N-(5-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-N,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1693360: Inhibition of beta3 Tubulin (unknown origin) expressed in human HeLa cell line assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 48 hrs by SRB method	ic50	0.0026	uM
3-hydroxy-2-[N-[2-(methoxymethyl)-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]-5-phenylcyclohex-2-en-1-one	2034736: Displacement of fluorescent probe (R)-(+)-ethyl 5-amino2-methyl-1,2-dihydro-3-phenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-ylcarbamate from tubulin colchicine binding site (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant	kd	0.0030	uM
2-methoxy-5-[(Z)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenol	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0030	uM
Colchicine	2074087: Inhibition of microtubule polymerization in human K562 cells measured for 60 mins by fluorescence based analysis	ic50	0.0030	uM
(1S,3S,7S,10R,11S,12S,16R)-7,11-dihydroxy-8,8,10,12,16-pentamethyl-3-[(E)-1-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl]-4,17-dioxabicyclo[14.1.0]heptadecane-5,9-dione	1408257: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human MCF7 cells assessed as induction of mitotic arrest	ic50	0.0035	uM
tert-butyl (3R,4S,5S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]-methylamino]-3-methoxy-5-methylheptanoate	1896110: Inhibition of tubulin (unknown origin) polymerization assessed as reduction in microtubule formation measured for 20 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.0042	uM
3-methoxy-6-[4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]benzene-1,2-diol	1929685: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human SH-SY5Y cells incubated for 24 hrs by SDS-PAGE based analysis	ic50	0.0054	uM
2-methoxy-5-[1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenol	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0060	uM
Paclitaxel	1693360: Inhibition of beta3 Tubulin (unknown origin) expressed in human HeLa cell line assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 48 hrs by SRB method	ic50	0.0077	uM
N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-4-amine;hydrochloride	769828: Inhibition of beta3 tubulin overexpressed in human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	ic50	0.0082	uM
4-N-(5-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-4-N-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine	1693360: Inhibition of beta3 Tubulin (unknown origin) expressed in human HeLa cell line assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 48 hrs by SRB method	ic50	0.0096	uM
N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1693360: Inhibition of beta3 Tubulin (unknown origin) expressed in human HeLa cell line assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 48 hrs by SRB method	ic50	0.0096	uM
(E)-1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyltriazol-4-yl]-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one	1689700: Inhibition of Tubulin in human RPMI-8226 cells incubated for 2 hrs by ELISA	ic50	0.0098	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0100	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)phenyl]-1,3-oxazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0100	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] acetate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0110	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5S,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] (2S)-2-[acetyl(methyl)amino]propanoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0140	uM
4-N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-N-methyl-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-2,4-diamine	751509: Inhibition of beta-3 tubulin (unknown origin) transfected in human HeLa cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay	ic50	0.0188	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0200	uM
methyl (13S,15S,17S)-13-[(1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-10-(1-diethoxyphosphorylhexylcarbamoyl)-12-ethyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraen-4-yl]-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraene-13-carboxylate	214333: The compound tested for the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.	ic50	0.0200	uM
(E)-3-[5-[(2-cyanoquinolin-4-yl)-methylamino]-2-methoxyphenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	1862628: Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HeLa cells assessed as microtubule network polymerization after 30 mins by immunofluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0200	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] hept-6-ynoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0200	uM
4-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-N-methyl-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-2,4-diamine	751509: Inhibition of beta-3 tubulin (unknown origin) transfected in human HeLa cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay	ic50	0.0214	uM
(3S)-3-[(5R)-6-[[1-(4-fluorophenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-4-methoxy-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl]-6,7-dimethoxy-3H-2-benzofuran-1-one	1675128: Binding affinity to CM5 chip immobilized beta tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as thermodynamic constants by SPR assay	kd	0.0215	uM
N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N,2,6-trimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-4-amine;hydrochloride	769828: Inhibition of beta3 tubulin overexpressed in human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by SRB assay	ic50	0.0239	uM
N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N,5-dimethylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0240	uM
[4-amino-2-(4-methoxyanilino)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanone	1674862: Binding affinity to beta tubulin in HEK293 cells assessed as disruption of microtubule polymerization by ITDRF-CETSA assay	ic50	0.0250	uM
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-3-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-4-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine	261214: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin at 65 nM	ic50	0.0300	uM
(3S)-3-[(5R)-9-bromo-6-[[1-(4-bromophenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-4-methoxy-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl]-6,7-dimethoxy-3H-2-benzofuran-1-one	1675128: Binding affinity to CM5 chip immobilized beta tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as thermodynamic constants by SPR assay	kd	0.0369	uM
6-(3-chloro-6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)-N-hydroxyhexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0400	uM
N-(5-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-N-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1693360: Inhibition of beta3 Tubulin (unknown origin) expressed in human HeLa cell line assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 48 hrs by SRB method	ic50	0.0430	uM
N,5-dimethyl-N-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0450	uM
4-N-ethyl-4-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-2,4-diamine	751509: Inhibition of beta-3 tubulin (unknown origin) transfected in human HeLa cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by SRB assay	ic50	0.0455	uM
[7-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)-6-methoxy-2H-indazol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone	280080: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin in MCF7 cells	ic50	0.0460	uM
(3S,10R,13E,16S)-10-[(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-16-[(1S)-1-[(2R,3S)-3-phenyloxiran-2-yl]ethyl]-1,4-dioxa-8,11-diazacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,5,9,12-tetrone	2061859: Binding affinity to tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by SPR analysis	kd	0.0470	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(3-methoxy-6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0500	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	580932: Inhibition of HDAC activity in human NB4 cells assessed as acetylated tubulin after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	ec50	0.0500	uM
5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-3-pyridinyl]-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0500	uM
[(1S,2R,3S,5R,6S,16E,18E,20R,21S)-11-chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.110,14.03,5]hexacosa-10,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl] benzoate	2126113: Displacement of fluorescent Maytansine probe from tubulin (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by competitive binding based fluorescence anisotropy	kd	0.0510	uM
N-ethyl-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	1635267: Induction of microtubule depolymerization in human A10 cells incubated for 18 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence analysis	ec50	0.0530	uM
3-[3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylamino)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine	256882: Displacement of [3H]colchicine from tubulin	ki	0.0600	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

119 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Tretinoin	affects reaction, affects cotreatment, affects expression, affects binding, increases reaction (+2 more)	8
Valproic Acid	affects expression, decreases expression, increases expression, increases methylation	7
bisphenol A	decreases expression, decreases reaction, affects cotreatment, increases expression	6
sodium arsenite	increases expression, increases reaction, decreases expression, decreases reaction	5
Cyclosporine	decreases expression, increases expression	5
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, increases expression	4
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, increases expression, increases metabolic processing	4
Cadmium Chloride	decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases palmitoylation, decreases expression, increases expression	4
Cadmium	decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases palmitoylation, increases expression	3
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases reaction	3
dinophysistoxin 1	increases expression	2
chloropicrin	increases expression	2
(+)-JQ1 compound	increases expression	2
bisphenol AF	increases expression	2
Glyphosate	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Carbamazepine	affects expression, decreases expression	2
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Silicon Dioxide	affects secretion, increases expression	2
Smoke	increases abundance, decreases expression	2
Acrylamide	decreases expression	2
Particulate Matter	increases expression, decreases expression, decreases reaction	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
GSK-J4	increases expression	1
6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine	increases expression	1
bisphenol F	increases expression	1
ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate	affects cotreatment, affects expression	1
aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)	decreases expression	1
beauvericin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
2,4,6-tribromophenol	decreases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

1781 unique, capped per target: 1741 binding, 34 functional, 6 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1009021	Binding	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human MCF7 cells at 1 uM after 2 hrs by SDS-PAGE	A new cytotoxic epothilone from modified polyketide synthases heterologously expressed in Myxococcus xanthus. — J Nat Prod
CHEMBL4146506	ADMET	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in human HaCaT cells assessed as chromatin condensation at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Hoechst 33258 staining-based fluorescence microscopic analysis	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel combretastatin A-4 thio derivatives as microtubule targeting agents. — Eur J Med Chem
CHEMBL5056161	Functional	Inhibition of tubulin polymerization (unknown origin) assessed as fluorescence intensity measured for 90 mins by DAPI based microplate reader	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indole-based [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a] pyridine derivatives as novel microtubule polymerization inhibitors. — Eur J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

5 cell lines: 5 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_B1EC	Abcam HCT 116 TUBB3 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_B2JY	Abcam HeLa TUBB3 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_D1US	Abcam U-87MG TUBB3 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_TV19	HAP1 TUBB3 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_TV20	HAP1 TUBB3 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

301 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT05657860	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Guanfacine Extended Release for the Reduction of Aggression and Self-injurious Behavior Associated With Prader-Willi Syndrome
NCT05744479	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Metformin for Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain in Adults With Intellectual Disability
NCT06107829	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Valbenazine Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia in Adults With Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities
NCT06997198	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Deutetrabenazine Treatment for Tardive Dyskinesia in Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities
NCT00029224	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Breast Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Prostate Cancer With Cancer Related Bone Lesions
NCT00035997	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Trial on the Effect of I.V. Zoledronic Acid 4 mg on Bone Density in Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastasis
NCT00063609	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Loss in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy
NCT00103623	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	The Plenaxis® Experience Study
NCT00106392	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Safety and Efficacy Study of Prograf in the Prevention of Erectile Dysfunction After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT00185029	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	MR-Lymphography and Lymph Node Staging in Prostate Cancer
NCT00199485	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Angelica Sinensis for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Men Undergoing LHRH Therapy for Prostate Cancer
NCT00219219	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Skeletal-related Events in Hormone Refractory and Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases
NCT00219271	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Zoledronic Acid On Circulating And Bone Marrow-Residing Prostate Cancer Cells In Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
NCT00237146	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Zoledronic Acid on Quality of Life and Skeletal-related Events as Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Hormone-naïve Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis Who Have Undergone Orchiectomy
NCT00242554	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases
NCT00280098	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Docetaxel in the Treatment of Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
NCT00293696	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Casodex/Zoladex Biomarkers in Localised Prostate Cancer
NCT00334139	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Metabolism in Patients With Bone Metastasis and Prostate or Breast Cancer
NCT00375765	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects On Dihydrotestosterone Regulated Gene Expression In Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Or Prostate Cancer
NCT00391690	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Bone Markers as Diagnostic Tools for Early Detection of Bone Metastases in Patients With High Risk Prostate Cancer
NCT00422708	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Local Anesthesia for Prostate Biopsy
NCT00526331	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Arterial Pressure Based Cardiac Output for Goal-Directed Perioperative Therapy
NCT00590213	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Compare the Value of Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Breast Radiotherapy in CASODEX
NCT00629330	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Dissemination of Prostate Cancer Screening to PCP’s in African American Communities
NCT00771966	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Radical Prostatectomy and Perioperative Fluid Therapy
NCT00805701	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Assessing The Efficacy And Safety Of Avodart (Dutasteride) At Improving Urinary Symptoms In Men With Prostate Cancer Who Are Undergoing Seed Implantation
NCT00859027	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Risedronate On Bone Mass In Older Men Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy For Prostate Cancer
NCT00906269	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Can Hyperbaric Oxygen Improve Erectile Function Following Surgery for Prostate Cancer
NCT00953277	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Nerve Reconstruction Using AVANCE in Subjects Who Undergo Robotic Assisted Prostatectomy for Treatment of Prostate Cancer
NCT00982800	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Does Postoperative Gabapentin Reduce Pain, Opioid Consumption and Anxiety and Have a Positive Effect on Health Related Quality of Life After Radical Prostatectomy?
NCT01083199	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Global Performance Evaluation of the AMS CONTINUUM™ Device
NCT01136226	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluate Recovery of Testosterone for Patients Using Eligard
NCT01161563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Randomized Crossover Trial to Assess the Tolerability of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogue Administration
NCT01230905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Monitor the Effects of Androgen Suppression Treatment on the Heart
NCT01296672	PHASE4	COMPLETED	3 Month Finasteride Challenge Test Can Significantly Improve the Performance of Screening for Prostate Cancer
NCT01365143	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Robotic Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy
NCT01379742	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparison of Between ThinSeed™ and OncoSeed™ for Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy
NCT01486563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Hydroxyethyl Starch and Renal Function After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT01511874	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of ELIGARD 22.5mg With Prostate Cancer
NCT01512472	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Firmagon (Degarelix) Intermittent Therapy