TWSG1

Summary

TWSG1 (twisted gastrulation BMP signaling modulator 1, HGNC:12429) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 18p11.22, encoding Twisted gastrulation protein homolog 1 (Q9GZX9). May be involved in dorsoventral axis formation.

Enables transforming growth factor beta binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation; negative regulation of cytokine production; and positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space.

Source: NCBI Gene 57045 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 34 total — 1 pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_020648

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:12429
Approved symbol	TWSG1
Name	twisted gastrulation BMP signaling modulator 1
Location	18p11.22
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	TSG
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000128791
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605049
Entrez	57045

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 8 — 7 protein_coding, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000262120, ENST00000581641, ENST00000583147, ENST00000867484, ENST00000867485, ENST00000867486, ENST00000934387, ENST00000951397

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_020648 NM_020648

CCDS: CCDS11844

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000262120 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001018070	9359972	9360071
ENSE00001187772	9399346	9402420
ENSE00001187778	9337193	9337352
ENSE00003595246	9396280	9396546
ENSE00003849025	9334773	9334920

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 279 present calls, max score 99.08.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 27.0636 / max 203.0739, expressed in 1805 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
169357	15.5153	1773
169356	9.6832	1745
169358	1.8651	870

Top tissues by expression

293 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	99.08	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	98.72	gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	98.58	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	98.53	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	97.90	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	97.90	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	97.85	gold quality
visceral pleura	UBERON:0002401	97.62	gold quality
parietal pleura	UBERON:0002400	96.94	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	96.52	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	95.94	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	95.83	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	95.76	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	95.66	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	95.53	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	95.53	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	95.52	gold quality
artery	UBERON:0001637	95.30	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	95.02	gold quality
pleura	UBERON:0000977	94.91	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	94.85	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	94.80	gold quality
urethra	UBERON:0000057	94.78	gold quality
pigmented layer of retina	UBERON:0001782	94.60	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	94.50	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	94.42	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	94.35	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	94.28	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	94.06	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	94.01	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ENAD-27	yes	110.41
E-MTAB-8142	yes	92.60
E-ANND-3	yes	20.37

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): DNMT3A, NFKB, RORA, TXK

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

145 targeting TWSG1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-9-5P	100.00	72.28	2361
HSA-MIR-3162-3P	100.00	65.37	363
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-6077	99.99	68.04	2299
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-4803	99.98	71.99	3117
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-6888-3P	99.97	65.95	1170
HSA-MIR-548AA	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548AP-3P	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548T-3P	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379
HSA-MIR-4666A-3P	99.96	71.71	3434
HSA-MIR-548AJ-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-548X-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-493-5P	99.96	72.47	2382
HSA-MIR-96-5P	99.95	72.80	2140
HSA-MIR-548J-3P	99.94	72.61	4881
HSA-MIR-548AE-3P	99.93	72.66	4867
HSA-MIR-548AH-3P	99.93	72.54	4872
HSA-MIR-548AM-3P	99.93	72.54	4872
HSA-MIR-548AQ-3P	99.93	72.66	4867

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

• Tsg functions as an agonist synergizing with TGF-beta to inhibit T-cell activation. (PMID:17164348)
• interferes with BMP-mediated hepcidin expression and may act with GDF15 to dysregulate iron homeostasis in thalassemia syndromes. (PMID:19414861)
• mutations in the twisted gastrulation homolog 1 gene are neither a common direct cause nor a frequent modifying factor for human holoprosencephaly pathologies (PMID:21227728)
• these results suggest that BMPER and Tsg maintain a fine-tuned equilibrium that controls BMP pathway activity and is necessary for vascular cell homeostasis. (PMID:23641068)
• Data suggest CHRD (chordin) cleavage by tolloid-like metalloproteinases is insufficient to regulate BMP(bone morphogenetic protein)/BMPR signaling; CHRD fragments and TSG (twisted gastrulation protein) contribute to inhibition of BMP/BMPR signaling. (PMID:26517884)
• Tsg functions as a BMP-agonist by inducing conformational change in chordin making it more susceptible to tolloid cleavage and as a BMP-antagonist either independently or via a chordin-mediated mechanism. (PMID:26829466)
• Findings indicate that twisted gastrulation homolog 1 (TWSG1) maybe serves as a tumor suppressor gene in gastric cancer and potential biomarker or therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. (PMID:29756996)
• Internal cleavage and synergy with TWSG1 enhance BMP-4 inhibition by BMPER. (PMID:30125619)
• Twisted gastrulation signaling modulator 1 promotes the ability of glioma cell through activating Akt pathway. (PMID:33534374)
• Multifaceted Functions of TWSG1: From Embryogenesis to Cancer Development. (PMID:36361543)

Cross-species orthologs

7 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
		ENSDARG00000103580
danio_rerio	twsg1a	ENSDARG00000104244
mus_musculus	Twsg1	ENSMUSG00000024098
rattus_norvegicus	Twsg1	ENSRNOG00000013340
drosophila_melanogaster	cv	FBGN0000394
drosophila_melanogaster	tsg	FBGN0003865
drosophila_melanogaster	srw	FBGN0261952

Protein

Protein identifiers

Twisted gastrulation protein homolog 1 — Q9GZX9 (reviewed: Q9GZX9)

All UniProt accessions (2): Q9GZX9, J3QS03

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May be involved in dorsoventral axis formation. Seems to antagonize BMP signaling by forming ternary complexes with CHRD and BMPs, thereby preventing BMPs from binding to their receptors. In addition to the anti-BMP function, also has pro-BMP activity, partly mediated by cleavage and degradation of CHRD, which releases BMPs from ternary complexes. May be an important modulator of BMP-regulated cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation. May play a role in thymocyte development.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with CHRD and BMP4. This interaction enhances CHRD/BMP4 complex formation. Interacts with BMP7.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Domain organisation. The N-terminal domain is sufficient to interact with BMP4.

Miscellaneous. May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Similarity. Belongs to the twisted gastrulation protein family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9GZX9-1	1	yes
Q9GZX9-2	2

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_065699* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR006761	Tsg	Family
IPR057635	Tsg_N	Domain
IPR057726	Tsg_C	Domain

Pfam: PF04668, PF23782

UniProt features (22 total): helix 8, strand 7, glycosylation site 2, splice variant 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

6 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8BWL	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.96
8BWM	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
8BWN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.57
8BWD	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.63
8BWI	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.4
8BWA	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.61

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9GZX9-F1	79.96	0.51

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (2): 52, 81

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 286 (showing top): GOBP_SMAD_PROTEIN_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, BEGUM_TARGETS_OF_PAX3_FOXO1_FUSION_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_GROWTH_FACTOR_STIMULUS, GOBP_GLAND_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ALPHA_BETA_T_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_FORMATION_OF_PRIMARY_GERM_LAYER, GOBP_SALIVARY_GLAND_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_OSTEOBLAST_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_TRANSFORMING_GROWTH_FACTOR_BETA_STIMULUS, GOCC_MICROTUBULE_ORGANIZING_CENTER, GOBP_FOREBRAIN_DEVELOPMENT

GO Biological Process (18): ossification (GO:0001503), mesoderm formation (GO:0001707), negative regulation of cytokine production (GO:0001818), chondrocyte differentiation (GO:0002062), salivary gland morphogenesis (GO:0007435), hemopoiesis (GO:0030097), BMP signaling pathway (GO:0030509), regulation of BMP signaling pathway (GO:0030510), positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway (GO:0030511), positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway (GO:0030513), negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway (GO:0030514), forebrain development (GO:0030900), camera-type eye development (GO:0043010), negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation (GO:0045668), positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction (GO:0060391), negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation (GO:2000515), negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation (GO:2000562), tissue development (GO:0009888)

GO Molecular Function (3): heparin binding (GO:0008201), transforming growth factor beta binding (GO:0050431), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (2): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), extracellular region (GO:0005576)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
BMP signaling pathway	3
positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway	3
regulation of BMP signaling pathway	2
anatomical structure development	2
multicellular organismal process	1
formation of primary germ layer	1
mesoderm morphogenesis	1
cytokine production	1
regulation of cytokine production	1
negative regulation of gene expression	1
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process	1
cell differentiation	1
cartilage development	1
salivary gland development	1
gland morphogenesis	1
cell development	1
cellular response to BMP stimulus	1
transforming growth factor beta receptor superfamily signaling pathway	1
regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway	1
regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus	1
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	1
regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	1
negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway	1
negative regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus	1
brain development	1
eye development	1
osteoblast differentiation	1
negative regulation of cell differentiation	1
regulation of osteoblast differentiation	1
regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction	1
SMAD protein signal transduction	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	1
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation	1
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	1
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	1
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation	1
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	1
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1162 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TWSG1	CHRD	Q9H2X0	945
TWSG1	CHRDL2	Q6WN34	821
TWSG1	BMP4	P12644	788
TWSG1	BMPER	Q8N8U9	753
TWSG1	VWCE	Q96DN2	723
TWSG1	BMP5	P22003	674
TWSG1	BMP2	P12643	666
TWSG1	BMP6	P22004	664
TWSG1	BMP1	P13497	653
TWSG1	GDF15	P78360	640
TWSG1	BMP7	P18075	606
TWSG1	RASSF1	Q9NS23	592
TWSG1	TFR2	Q9UP52	591
TWSG1	BMPR1A	P36894	548
TWSG1	BMPR2	Q13873	544
TWSG1	DSPP	Q9NZW4	544

IntAct

24 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
SGTA	TWSG1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TWSG1	SGTA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TWSG1	GPRC5D	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TWSG1	GJA8	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TWSG1	LRRC4C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
FNDC9	TWSG1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
FAM209A	TWSG1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GJA8	TWSG1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KLK6	TWSG1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TWSG1	TNS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
TWSG1	COL6A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TWSG1	FAM209A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
TWSG1	FNDC9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (20): TWSG1 (Two-hybrid), TWSG1 (Affinity Capture-RNA), TWSG1 (Two-hybrid), TWSG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TWSG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TWSG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TWSG1 (Two-hybrid), TWSG1 (Two-hybrid), TWSG1 (Two-hybrid), LRRC4C (Two-hybrid), FNDC9 (Two-hybrid), TWSG1 (Proximity Label-MS), BMP4 (Reconstituted Complex), CHRD (Reconstituted Complex), COL6A1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A023FBW4, A0A023FF81, A0A090XA85, A0A090XBH9, A0A090XBL6, A0A090XE98, A0A0K8R374, A0A0K8R4R9, A0A0K8R556, A0A0K8R5I2, A0A0K8R6B3, A0A0K8R726, A0A0K8R7D4, A0A0K8RAI0, A0A0K8RCE3, A0A0K8RCU3, A0A0K8RD51, A0A0K8RDH6, A0A0K8RDJ1, A0A0K8RE99, A0A0K8RG61, A0A0K8RJ67, A0A0K8RK34, A0A0K8RKE4, A0A141SFN4, A0A141SFN5, A0A146B485, A0A158RFT4, A0A7S8RGC8, C0HKG1, G1CWH1, G1CWH5, M5BGS2, M5BGY5, P0C8E8, P82465, P82634, P86899, Q2V304, Q3BER2

Diamond homologs: P54356, Q5RAW4, Q98SR9, Q98T88, Q98T89, Q9DGH0, Q9EP52, Q9GZX9, Q9I8M9

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

34 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	24
Likely benign	3
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
979519	GRCh37/hg19 18p11.23-11.1(chr18:7598173-15422644)x1	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

1829 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
18:9334918:ATGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9334919:TGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9334921:GTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9334922:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9337191:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
18:9337192:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
18:9337348:TTCAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9337351:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9337352:G:GC	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9337353:GTAGG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9337354:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9359967:TCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
18:9359968:CTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
18:9359969:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
18:9359970:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
18:9359970:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
18:9359971:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
18:9359971:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
18:9359971:GGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
18:9359971:GGAGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
18:9360068:GTTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
18:9360070:TGGT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9360071:GGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9360072:G:GC	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9360072:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
18:9360073:T:TC	donor_loss	1.0000
18:9334916:GCATG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
18:9334919:TG:T	donor_gain	0.9900
18:9334920:GG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
18:9334921:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

1495 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
18:9337320:T:A	C31S	1.000
18:9337321:G:C	C31S	1.000
18:9337341:T:C	C38R	1.000
18:9337345:T:C	L39P	1.000
18:9360049:G:C	W67C	1.000
18:9360049:G:T	W67C	1.000
18:9396367:T:G	F104C	1.000
18:9399396:T:A	C181S	1.000
18:9399397:G:C	C181S	1.000
18:9399409:G:A	C185Y	1.000
18:9399410:T:G	C185W	1.000
18:9399420:G:A	G189R	1.000
18:9399420:G:C	G189R	1.000
18:9399421:G:A	G189E	1.000
18:9399435:C:A	R194S	1.000
18:9399436:G:C	R194P	1.000
18:9399438:T:A	W195R	1.000
18:9399438:T:C	W195R	1.000
18:9399440:G:C	W195C	1.000
18:9399440:G:T	W195C	1.000
18:9399441:T:C	F196L	1.000
18:9399442:T:G	F196C	1.000
18:9399443:T:A	F196L	1.000
18:9399443:T:G	F196L	1.000
18:9337320:T:C	C31R	0.999
18:9337321:G:A	C31Y	0.999
18:9337322:T:G	C31W	0.999
18:9337335:A:C	S36R	0.999
18:9337337:C:A	S36R	0.999
18:9337337:C:G	S36R	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000030508 (18:9364833 T>C), RS1000073747 (18:9334164 C>A,T), RS1000098931 (18:9396531 T>C), RS1000135743 (18:9375793 A>C,G), RS1000155242 (18:9369793 A>G), RS1000192605 (18:9379545 A>G), RS1000248737 (18:9338463 C>A), RS1000249062 (18:9376076 A>T), RS1000336258 (18:9396916 G>A), RS1000425000 (18:9333747 T>C), RS1000478271 (18:9337752 A>G), RS1000493532 (18:9358752 G>A), RS1000498580 (18:9353730 C>T), RS1000499539 (18:9363386 C>T), RS1000511922 (18:9358171 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605049 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001713_7	Dental caries	4.000000e-06

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

24 total (human), top 24 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	decreases expression, decreases methylation	2
Acetaminophen	increases expression	2
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	2
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
arsenite	affects expression	1
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
jinfukang	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Chelating Agents	affects binding, increases expression	1
Cisplatin	increases expression	1
Copper	increases expression, affects binding	1
Ivermectin	decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression	1
Tretinoin	decreases expression	1
Urethane	increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.