UBE2U

Summary

UBE2U (ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 U, HGNC:28559) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p31.3, encoding Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 U (Q5VVX9). Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins.

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in DNA repair; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to be part of HULC complex.

Source: NCBI Gene 148581 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): syndromic disease (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 30 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001366232

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:28559
Approved symbol	UBE2U
Name	ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 U
Location	1p31.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MGC35130
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000177414
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
Entrez	148581

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 6 — 5 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000371076, ENST00000371077, ENST00000464349, ENST00000608020, ENST00000608956, ENST00000611228

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_001366232 NM_001366232, NM_001366233, NM_001366234, NM_001366235, NM_152489

CCDS: CCDS627, CCDS90966

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000371077 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001277656	64214815	64214932
ENSE00001277665	64210742	64210839
ENSE00001277675	64206764	64206856
ENSE00001277685	64205639	64205720
ENSE00001454295	64267024	64267368
ENSE00003622343	64232561	64232649
ENSE00003624107	64220859	64220907
ENSE00003640139	64241652	64241733
ENSE00003787158	64260603	64260694
ENSE00003921089	64203623	64204116

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 105 present calls, max score 93.30.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0424 / max 19.8477, expressed in 7 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
3210	0.0243	4
3211	0.0146	3
201533	0.0035	2

Top tissues by expression

223 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
sperm	CL:0000019	93.30	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	92.57	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	91.98	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	89.55	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	89.45	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	85.38	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	62.64	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	60.89	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	59.59	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	59.04	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	57.93	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	57.45	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	55.50	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	55.41	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	52.26	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	51.27	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	50.88	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	50.30	silver quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	48.93	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	45.11	silver quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	43.40	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	43.37	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	43.20	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	43.09	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	42.77	silver quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	42.66	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	42.57	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	42.46	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	41.41	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	41.33	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	2.76

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

19 targeting UBE2U, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-153-5P	99.89	73.86	6317
HSA-MIR-548AJ-5P	99.78	71.12	3085
HSA-MIR-548G-5P	99.78	71.12	3085
HSA-MIR-548X-5P	99.78	71.12	3085
HSA-MIR-105-5P	99.54	69.24	2060
HSA-MIR-7853-5P	99.54	69.30	2055
HSA-MIR-136-5P	99.50	67.26	1153
HSA-MIR-6083	99.47	68.73	2393
HSA-MIR-410-3P	99.27	69.98	2457
HSA-MIR-2115-5P	98.66	68.07	1191
HSA-MIR-3928-5P	98.50	67.48	980
HSA-MIR-6806-3P	98.50	67.31	980
HSA-MIR-5000-5P	97.40	66.11	1055
HSA-MIR-759	96.16	66.77	873
HSA-MIR-4522	95.76	66.23	742

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• Further mining of the UBE2U interactome uncovered its cognate E3 RNF17 as a novel factor that, via the radiosensitivity, immunodeficiency, dysmorphic features, and learning difficulties (RIDDLE) syndrome protein RNF168, enforces DNA damage responses. (PMID:27903633)
• Whole exome sequencing reveals putatively novel associations in retinopathies and drusen formation. (PMID:33776059)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Ube2u	ENSMUSG00000069733
rattus_norvegicus	Ube2u	ENSRNOG00000023895

Paralogs (24): UBE2T (ENSG00000077152), UBE2A (ENSG00000077721), UBE2K (ENSG00000078140), CDC34 (ENSG00000099804), UBE2I (ENSG00000103275), UBE2W (ENSG00000104343), UBE2R2 (ENSG00000107341), UBE2S (ENSG00000108106), UBE2B (ENSG00000119048), UBE2G1 (ENSG00000132388), UBE2Z (ENSG00000159202), UBE2J2 (ENSG00000160087), AKTIP (ENSG00000166971), UBE2V2 (ENSG00000169139), UBE2C (ENSG00000175063), UBE2O (ENSG00000175931), UBE2N (ENSG00000177889), UBE2F (ENSG00000184182), UBE2G2 (ENSG00000184787), UBE2H (ENSG00000186591), UBE2J1 (ENSG00000198833), PEDS1 (ENSG00000240849), UBE2V1 (ENSG00000244687), UBE2NL (ENSG00000276380)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 U — Q5VVX9 (reviewed: Q5VVX9)

Alternative names: E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme U, Ubiquitin carrier protein U, Ubiquitin-protein ligase U

All UniProt accessions (5): Q5VVX9, A0A0A0MRP4, A0A140VJY9, V9GYA6, V9GZ31

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins.

Post-translational modifications. Autoubiquitinated in vitro in the presence of UBR5.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.

Similarity. Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q5VVX9-1	1	yes
Q5VVX9-2	2

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001353161, NP_001353162, NP_001353163, NP_001353164, NP_689702 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000608	UBC	Domain
IPR016135	UBQ-conjugating_enzyme/RWD	Homologous_superfamily
IPR023313	UBQ-conjugating_AS	Active_site
IPR050113	Ub_conjugating_enzyme-E2-like	Family

Pfam: PF00179

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.3.2.23 — E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (BRENDA: 20 organisms, 93 substrates, 28 inhibitors, 12 Km, 8 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

4 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 4. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
[UBIQUITIN-CARRIER-PROTEIN UBC2B]-L-CYSTEINE	0.0001	5
[UBE2W]-S-UBIQUITINYL-L-CYSTEINE	0.2203–0.3014	2
S-UBIQUITINYL-[E1 UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYME]-L	1	1
[UBIQUITIN CARRIER PROTEIN UBC4]-L-CYSTEINE	0.0019	1

UniProt features (20 total): helix 6, strand 4, turn 2, compositionally biased region 2, chain 1, domain 1, region of interest 1, active site 1, splice variant 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1YRV	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.18

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q5VVX9-F1	70.85	0.43

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 89 (glycyl thioester intermediate)

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-983168	Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation

MSigDB gene sets: 70 (showing top): REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, REACTOME_CLASS_I_MHC_MEDIATED_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_PRESENTATION, REACTOME_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_UBIQUITINATION_PROTEASOME_DEGRADATION, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_DNA_DAMAGE_RESPONSE, GOBP_POST_TRANSLATIONAL_PROTEIN_MODIFICATION, GOBP_PROTEIN_POLYUBIQUITINATION, GATA1_02, KEGG_UBIQUITIN_MEDIATED_PROTEOLYSIS, GOBP_PROTEASOMAL_PROTEIN_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, ACEVEDO_METHYLATED_IN_LIVER_CANCER_DN, GOBP_PROTEIN_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, TGGAAA_NFAT_Q4_01, GOCC_TRANSFERASE_COMPLEX, GOBP_PROTEOLYSIS

GO Biological Process (5): protein polyubiquitination (GO:0000209), DNA repair (GO:0006281), proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0043161), protein ubiquitination (GO:0016567), protein modification by small protein conjugation (GO:0032446)

GO Molecular Function (6): ATP binding (GO:0005524), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity (GO:0061631), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), protein binding (GO:0005515), transferase activity (GO:0016740), ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (GO:0019787)

GO Cellular Component (1): HULC complex (GO:0033503)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
protein ubiquitination	1
DNA metabolic process	1
DNA damage response	1
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	1
proteasomal protein catabolic process	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	1
ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme activity	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
aminoacyltransferase activity	1
catalytic activity, acting on a protein	1
ubiquitin ligase complex	1
chromatin	1
ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2010 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
UBE2U	UBE2Z	Q9H832	545
UBE2U	CBLC	Q9ULV8	543
UBE2U	RNF17	Q9BXT8	524
UBE2U	CBLB	Q13191	508
UBE2U	UBOX5	O94941	492
UBE2U	UBE2J1	Q9Y385	485
UBE2U	PGM1	P36871	483
UBE2U	UBE2J2	Q8N2K1	476
UBE2U	UBE2D4	Q9Y2X8	457
UBE2U	PCGF2	P35227	443
UBE2U	A0A087WY85	A0A087WY85	433
UBE2U	UBE2O	Q9C0C9	420
UBE2U	UBE2Q1	Q7Z7E8	419
UBE2U	G3V2F7	G3V2F7	417
UBE2U	STUM	Q69YW2	415

IntAct

77 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GOLGA2	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
TRIM32	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
UBE2U	TRIM32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
UBE2U	GOLGA2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
UBE2U	RNF144B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.550
UBE2U	ANAPC11	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
BARD1	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
BFAR	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
MUL1	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
UBE2U	CADPS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
CGRRF1	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
DTX1	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
UBE2U	RNFT1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RNF181	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
UBE2U	MDM2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
MIB1	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
UBE2U	MIB2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
KAT6A	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RNF41	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
UBE2U	PCGF1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
PCGF2	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
PJA1	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
PML	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RNF11	UBE2U	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370

BioGRID (145): UBE2U (Two-hybrid), UBE2U (Two-hybrid), VPS28 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA2 (Two-hybrid), MVB12A (Affinity Capture-MS), VPS28 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBE2U (Biochemical Activity), UBE2U (Two-hybrid), TSG101 (Affinity Capture-MS), MVB12A (Affinity Capture-MS), VPS37C (Affinity Capture-MS), VPS28 (Affinity Capture-MS), C3 (Affinity Capture-MS), SERPING1 (Affinity Capture-MS), C1QB (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1ZBR5, A6QP16, A7RRG3, B0X6E8, B1H2Q2, B3MEZ6, B3MGT3, B3N6U7, B3NK72, B4GD81, B4H581, B4HPU1, B4HT57, B4J613, B4JWF5, B4KMF8, B4KS18, B4LNV5, B4LPP8, B4MQY1, B4MRW2, B4NWM2, B4PAP8, B4QEJ9, B4QHS6, C4R826, F4HPP7, I2HAA0, O23463, O42646, P29340, P49428, Q17PP1, Q28XA5, Q28YD9, Q2TA03, Q5U595, Q5VVX9, Q6P073, Q74Z34

Diamond homologs: A5PKP9, D3ZDK2, O00102, O00103, O00762, O74196, O74201, P06104, P0CS16, P0CS17, P15731, P15732, P23566, P25153, P25865, P25866, P25867, P34477, P35129, P35130, P35131, P35132, P35133, P35134, P35135, P42745, P42746, P42747, P43102, P46595, P49459, P50623, P51668, P52478, P52492, P52493, P56616, P61077, P61078, P61079

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
“Ub:E1 (UBA1 substrate)”	“up-regulates activity”	UBE2U	ubiquitination
“Ub:E1 (UBA6 substrate)”	“up-regulates activity”	UBE2U	ubiquitination

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 65 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Interferon gamma signaling	9	25.1×	1e-08
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation	13	10.8×	1e-08
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation	6	9.3×	3e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
suppression of viral release by host	7	106.8×	2e-11
protein autoubiquitination	9	32.4×	6e-10
protein sumoylation	6	29.9×	2e-06
protein K63-linked ubiquitination	7	28.8×	2e-07
protein polyubiquitination	13	23.1×	1e-12
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	16	18.3×	5e-14
protein K48-linked ubiquitination	7	18.1×	4e-06
protein ubiquitination	25	15.9×	2e-21

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

30 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	25
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1550 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:64205636:AAG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:64205719:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:64205720:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:64206759:TATA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:64206761:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:64206762:A:AC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:64206762:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:64206763:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:64206763:GGTTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:64206855:TGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:64206856:GGTAA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:64206857:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
1:64206857:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:64206858:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:64210741:GTA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:64214933:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:64220857:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:64220858:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:64204114:AAG:A	donor_gain	0.9900
1:64204114:AAGGT:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:64204115:AGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:64204116:GGTA:G	donor_loss	0.9900
1:64204117:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
1:64204117:GT:G	donor_loss	0.9900
1:64205630:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:64205637:AG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:64205638:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:64205716:GCAGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:64206761:TAGG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:64210740:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

2108 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:64205678:T:A	W36R	0.991
1:64205678:T:C	W36R	0.991
1:64206829:T:C	F72L	0.988
1:64206831:T:A	F72L	0.988
1:64206831:T:G	F72L	0.988
1:64210795:T:A	W99R	0.984
1:64210795:T:C	W99R	0.984
1:64206844:T:C	F77L	0.982
1:64206846:T:A	F77L	0.982
1:64206846:T:G	F77L	0.982
1:64206830:T:C	F72S	0.981
1:64210797:G:C	W99C	0.978
1:64210797:G:T	W99C	0.978
1:64206790:T:C	F59L	0.976
1:64206792:T:A	F59L	0.976
1:64206792:T:G	F59L	0.976
1:64206849:T:A	H78Q	0.969
1:64206849:T:G	H78Q	0.969
1:64205680:G:C	W36C	0.967
1:64205680:G:T	W36C	0.967
1:64214853:T:A	N126K	0.967
1:64214853:T:G	N126K	0.967
1:64206848:A:G	H78R	0.965
1:64210757:G:A	G86D	0.964
1:64206791:T:C	F59S	0.961
1:64206855:T:A	N80K	0.960
1:64206855:T:G	N80K	0.960
1:64210796:G:C	W99S	0.960
1:64206785:T:A	I57K	0.959
1:64210742:T:A	V81E	0.955

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000067996 (1:64264239 A>C), RS1000082382 (1:64211925 T>C,G), RS1000242931 (1:64220968 C>G), RS1000253592 (1:64239301 T>C), RS1000338121 (1:64206624 C>A,T), RS1000339862 (1:64247229 C>T), RS1000427506 (1:64252705 A>G), RS1000428334 (1:64219319 T>C,G), RS1000517812 (1:64212284 T>C,G), RS1000522709 (1:64264206 C>A), RS1000526913 (1:64219727 C>G), RS1000566808 (1:64252093 G>A), RS1000579456 (1:64205917 G>T), RS1000729283 (1:64205334 A>C), RS1000766367 (1:64259738 C>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene `` | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
syndromic disease	Limited	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (1): syndromic disease (MONDO:0002254)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST009088_1	Severe bacterial meningitis	2.000000e-08

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D013577	Syndrome	C23.550.288.500

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

6 total (human), top 6 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation	1
Endosulfan	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	decreases reaction, increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

25 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00027456	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Leptin to Treat Severe Insulin Resistance - Pilot Study
NCT00213447	Not specified	COMPLETED	T Cell Response in Hypersensitivity Syndrome
NCT02240888	Not specified	COMPLETED	Vaccination in Inflammatory Rheumatic Disease (VACCIMIL). The Impact of Antirheumatic Treatment on Antibody Response
NCT02526082	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Long-term Follow-up of the Helsinki Businessmen Study
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