ULBP3

gene
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Also known as RAET1N

Summary

ULBP3 (UL16 binding protein 3, HGNC:14895) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 6q25.1, encoding UL16-binding protein 3 (Q9BZM4). Binds and activates the KLRK1/NKG2D receptor, mediating natural killer cell cytotoxicity.

The protein encoded by this gene is one of several related ligands of the KLRK1/NKG2D receptor, which is found in primary NK cells. Binding of these ligands to the receptor activates several signal transduction pathways, including the JAK2, STAT5, and ERK pathways. The encoded protein is expressed solubly and on the surface of many tumor cells, making it potentially an important target for therapeutics.

Source: NCBI Gene 79465 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • GWAS associations: 5
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 40 total
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_024518

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:14895
Approved symbolULBP3
NameUL16 binding protein 3
Location6q25.1
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesRAET1N
Ensembl geneENSG00000131019
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM605699
Entrez79465

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 3 protein_coding

ENST00000367339, ENST00000438272, ENST00000925509

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_024518 NM_024518

CCDS: CCDS5225

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000367339 — 5 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE00000896364150065398150065673
ENSE00000896365150065899150066162
ENSE00001444256150061053150063351
ENSE00001444257150068979150069121
ENSE00003676003150064585150064713

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 180 present calls, max score 79.61.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 3.4856 / max 75.2944, expressed in 1202 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
761652.70601107
761660.7795475

Top tissues by expression

245 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testisCL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:000047379.61gold quality
kidney epitheliumUBERON:000481979.48gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreasCL:000008378.10silver quality
cartilage tissueUBERON:000241876.71gold quality
stromal cell of endometriumCL:000225576.49gold quality
gingival epitheliumUBERON:000194974.96gold quality
tibiaUBERON:000097974.38gold quality
cortical plateUBERON:000534374.05gold quality
gingivaUBERON:000182873.57gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonadCL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:000099173.51gold quality
esophagus squamous epitheliumUBERON:000692070.62silver quality
ventricular zoneUBERON:000305370.06gold quality
islet of LangerhansUBERON:000000669.68gold quality
pigmented layer of retinaUBERON:000178269.55gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atriumUBERON:000337969.34gold quality
left ventricle myocardiumUBERON:000656669.17gold quality
testisUBERON:000047368.66gold quality
ganglionic eminenceUBERON:000402368.50gold quality
oral cavityUBERON:000016768.42gold quality
metanephrosUBERON:000008168.17gold quality
parietal pleuraUBERON:000240066.78silver quality
myocardiumUBERON:000234966.46gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23UBERON:001355466.46silver quality
visceral pleuraUBERON:000240166.41silver quality
jejunal mucosaUBERON:000039966.24silver quality
left testisUBERON:000453366.08gold quality
right testisUBERON:000453466.03gold quality
pancreatic ductal cellCL:000207965.66silver quality
tendon of biceps brachiiUBERON:000818865.54silver quality
right adrenal gland cortexUBERON:003582765.11gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-ANND-3yes3.07

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

95 targeting ULBP3, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3613-3P100.0076.367965
HSA-LET-7A-3P100.0074.033932
HSA-LET-7B-3P100.0074.083913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P100.0074.023928
HSA-MIR-98-3P100.0074.083907
HSA-MIR-371B-5P99.9975.344759
HSA-MIR-520G-5P99.9966.76658
HSA-MIR-453199.9969.703181
HSA-MIR-4789-3P99.9970.752484
HSA-MIR-373-5P99.9875.364753
HSA-MIR-616-5P99.9875.584775
HSA-MIR-477599.9875.006394
HSA-MIR-3692-3P99.9870.272139
HSA-MIR-56899.9869.862084
HSA-MIR-27A-3P99.9872.132955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P99.9872.132955
HSA-MIR-998599.9872.112939
HSA-MIR-4666A-3P99.9671.713434
HSA-MIR-590-3P99.9674.346478
HSA-MIR-96-5P99.9572.802140
HSA-MIR-552-5P99.9368.561583
HSA-MIR-4778-3P99.9370.401818
HSA-MIR-335-3P99.9373.364958
HSA-MIR-22-3P99.9368.13917
HSA-MIR-1213399.9271.822006
HSA-MIR-1271-5P99.9171.991972
HSA-MIR-454-3P99.9174.011925
HSA-MIR-6499-3P99.9066.381212
HSA-MIR-130A-3P99.9073.311861
HSA-MIR-130B-3P99.9073.271850

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 12)

  • ULBP3 binds to the NGK2D receptor and activates multiple signaling pathways in primary natural killer cells. (PMID:11777960)
  • ULBPs and MICA are expressed in lipid rafts at the cell surface of NK and T cells. (PMID:15051759)
  • As NKG2D ligand, ULBP3 are expressed on immature and mature dendritic cells and plays an important role in the cytotoxic effect of NK cells against iDC. (PMID:18394338)
  • Vpr specifically induces surface expression of the unique-long 16 binding proteins (ULBP)-1 and ULBP-2, but not ULBP-3 (PMID:19798433)
  • genetic polymorphism among the ethnic groups (PMID:20219610)
  • Data show that UL142 prevents ULBP3 trafficking to the surface and protects transfected cells from NK-mediated cytotoxicity. (PMID:20530255)
  • A miRNA of the human JC and BK polyoma viruses targets the stress-induced ligand ULBP3 to escape immune elimination. (PMID:21320692)
  • A greater expression of ULBP3 has also been found in hair follicles in scalp biopsy specimens from patients with active disease (PMID:21689246)
  • This study provides for the first time, the c-Myc dependent regulation of NKG2D ligands, ULBP1/2/3 in acute myeloid leukemia. (PMID:24677544)
  • Varicella-Zoster Virus differentially modulates expression of the NKG2D ligands by upregulating MICA expression and reducing ULBP2 and ULBP3 expression in the infected cells. (PMID:25995251)
  • this study shows an increase in ULBP3 level in alopecia areata incognita patients, which positively correlates with the age and duration of the disease (PMID:27142445)
  • Unveiling the role of the KLF4/Lnc18q22.2/ULBP3 axis in the tumorigenesis and immune escape of hepatocellular carcinoma under hypoxic condition. (PMID:38780505)

Cross-species orthologs

12 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriomhc1laaENSDARG00000016056
danio_reriomhc1lbaENSDARG00000016227
danio_reriomhc1ldaENSDARG00000023203
danio_rerioENSDARG00000051710
danio_rerioENSDARG00000051711
danio_reriomhc1lfaENSDARG00000051712
danio_reriomhc1lgaENSDARG00000051713
danio_reriomhc1lcaENSDARG00000055813
danio_reriomhc1ljaENSDARG00000096830
danio_reriosi:dkey-52p2.5ENSDARG00000096940
danio_reriomhc1llaENSDARG00000096977
mus_musculusUlbp1ENSMUSG00000079685

Paralogs (22): HFE (ENSG00000010704), FCGRT (ENSG00000104870), ULBP1 (ENSG00000111981), ULBP2 (ENSG00000131015), MR1 (ENSG00000153029), RAET1L (ENSG00000155918), CD1D (ENSG00000158473), CD1A (ENSG00000158477), CD1C (ENSG00000158481), CD1B (ENSG00000158485), CD1E (ENSG00000158488), AZGP1 (ENSG00000160862), RAET1E (ENSG00000164520), RAET1G (ENSG00000203722), MICB (ENSG00000204516), MICA (ENSG00000204520), HLA-C (ENSG00000204525), HLA-E (ENSG00000204592), HLA-G (ENSG00000204632), HLA-F (ENSG00000204642), HLA-A (ENSG00000206503), HLA-B (ENSG00000234745)

Protein

Protein identifiers

UL16-binding protein 3Q9BZM4 (reviewed: Q9BZM4)

Alternative names: ALCAN-gamma, NKG2D ligand 3, Retinoic acid early transcript 1N

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9BZM4

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Binds and activates the KLRK1/NKG2D receptor, mediating natural killer cell cytotoxicity.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with KLRK1/NKG2D. Does not bind to beta2-microglobulin. (Microbial infection) In CMV-infected cells, interacts with the viral glycoprotein UL16 and UL142; this interaction causes ULBP3 retention in the endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi and prevents binding to and activation of KLRK1/NKG2D, providing CMV with an immune evasion mechanism.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Miscellaneous. UL16-binding proteins (ULBPs) are unusual members of the extended MHC class I superfamily. They do not contain the alpha 3 domain and lack a transmembrane domain.

Similarity. Belongs to the MHC class I family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_078794* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR011161MHC_I-like_Ag-recogDomain
IPR011162MHC_I/II-like_Ag-recogHomologous_superfamily
IPR037055MHC_I-like_Ag-recog_sfHomologous_superfamily
IPR050208MHC_class-I_relatedFamily

Pfam: PF00129

UniProt features (23 total): strand 7, helix 5, turn 2, region of interest 2, disulfide bond 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, propeptide 1, lipid moiety-binding region 1, glycosylation site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDBMethodResolution (Å)
1KCGX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.6

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q9BZM4-F182.590.60

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 217

Disulfide bonds (2): 51–67, 128–191

Glycosylation sites (1): 37

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-198933Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell

MSigDB gene sets: 64 (showing top): GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOCC_CELL_SURFACE, GOBP_LEUKOCYTE_MEDIATED_CYTOTOXICITY, GOBP_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_AND_PRESENTATION_VIA_MHC_CLASS_IB, GOBP_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_AND_PRESENTATION_OF_PEPTIDE_ANTIGEN, GOBP_LEUKOCYTE_MEDIATED_IMMUNITY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_T_CELL_MEDIATED_CYTOTOXICITY, chr6q25, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_DEFENSE_RESPONSE_TO_OTHER_ORGANISM, GOBP_LYMPHOCYTE_MEDIATED_IMMUNITY, GOBP_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_AND_PRESENTATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_T_CELL_MEDIATED_CYTOTOXICITY

GO Biological Process (7): positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity (GO:0001916), antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib (GO:0002476), antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent (GO:0002486), immune response (GO:0006955), natural killer cell activation (GO:0030101), natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity (GO:0042267), immune system process (GO:0002376)

GO Molecular Function (2): natural killer cell lectin-like receptor binding (GO:0046703), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), external side of plasma membrane (GO:0009897), membrane (GO:0016020), side of membrane (GO:0098552)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Adaptive Immune System1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
membrane2
cellular anatomical structure2
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity1
T cell mediated cytotoxicity1
regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity1
positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity1
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib1
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen1
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway1
immune system process1
response to stimulus1
lymphocyte activation1
leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity1
natural killer cell mediated immunity1
biological_process1
signaling receptor binding1
binding1
cell periphery1
plasma membrane1
cell surface1
side of membrane1
leaflet of membrane bilayer1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

600 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
ULBP3KLRK1P26718999
ULBP3HCSTQ9UBK5857
ULBP3CD226Q15762798
ULBP3NCR3O14931774
ULBP3LILRB1Q8NHL6755
ULBP3CCR8P51685717
ULBP3NECTIN2Q92692693
ULBP3PVRP15151681
ULBP3KLRD1Q13241666
ULBP3NCR1O76036646
ULBP3PRDX5P30044642
ULBP3B2MP01884617
ULBP3NCR3LG1Q68D85609
ULBP3SLAMF6Q96DU3595
ULBP3STX17P56962592

IntAct

88 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
ULBP3KLRK1psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)0.800
KLRK1ULBP3psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)0.800
ULBP3KLRK1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.800
TNFSF8TOR1Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
SLC39A5FAM171A2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
FOSULBP3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
ULBP3UQCRC1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
SLC39A5TMEM223psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
TMEM30BKLRG2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
GJB7PALM3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
IL13RA2METTL15psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
ULBP1IGLL5psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
FCGRTGOLIM4psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
CD1BTOR1Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
CCNL2ZBTB43psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
HLA-DPA1TYW5psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
IL27RAB4GALT5psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530

BioGRID (86): ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0G2K7V7, C1ITJ8, O08602, O08603, O08604, O19477, O35799, P01901, P01902, P06339, P13599, P14427, P14432, P16391, P25311, P26151, P30383, P55899, P60018, P70387, Q01965, Q29980, Q29983, Q2KN22, Q30201, Q3B8P2, Q5RD09, Q60I18, Q61559, Q63678, Q64726, Q6H3X3, Q8HWB0, Q8HWE5, Q8HWE7, Q8SPV9, Q8VD31, Q920A9, Q95460, Q9BCU3

Diamond homologs: Q5VY80, Q6H3X3, Q8TD07, Q9BZM4, Q9BZM5, Q9BZM6

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 109 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

PathwayPartnersFoldFDR
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell911.4×3e-05

GO biological processes:

GO termPartnersFoldFDR
immune response136.5×6e-05

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

40 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic0
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance34
Likely benign3
Benign0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

725 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
6:150068975:TCA:Tdonor_loss1.0000
6:150068977:A:AGdonor_loss1.0000
6:150063353:T:Cacceptor_gain0.9900
6:150064584:CCTG:Cdonor_gain0.9900
6:150064714:C:CCacceptor_gain0.9900
6:150065393:GTTAC:Gdonor_loss0.9900
6:150065394:TTACC:Tdonor_loss0.9900
6:150065395:TACCT:Tdonor_loss0.9900
6:150065396:ACCT:Adonor_loss0.9900
6:150065397:C:Gdonor_loss0.9900
6:150068747:T:TAdonor_gain0.9900
6:150068972:AACT:Adonor_loss0.9900
6:150068973:ACT:Adonor_loss0.9900
6:150068977:A:ACdonor_gain0.9900
6:150068977:ACCGG:Adonor_gain0.9900
6:150068978:C:CCdonor_gain0.9900
6:150068978:CCGG:Cdonor_gain0.9900
6:150068978:CCGGC:Cdonor_gain0.9900
6:150063349:CACCT:Cacceptor_gain0.9800
6:150065419:T:TAdonor_gain0.9800
6:150065675:T:Aacceptor_loss0.9800
6:150065685:A:Tacceptor_gain0.9800
6:150063351:CCT:Cacceptor_gain0.9700
6:150063353:T:TCacceptor_gain0.9700
6:150064579:CAGTA:Cdonor_loss0.9700
6:150064580:AGTAC:Adonor_loss0.9700
6:150064581:GTACC:Gdonor_loss0.9700
6:150064582:TACCT:Tdonor_loss0.9700
6:150064583:ACCTG:Adonor_loss0.9700
6:150064584:C:CAdonor_loss0.9700

AlphaMissense

1613 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
6:150065600:G:CF142L0.945
6:150065600:G:TF142L0.945
6:150065602:A:GF142L0.945
6:150065579:G:CF149L0.924
6:150065579:G:TF149L0.924
6:150065581:A:GF149L0.924
6:150065551:A:GW159R0.922
6:150065551:A:TW159R0.922
6:150065570:A:CF152L0.899
6:150065570:A:TF152L0.899
6:150065572:A:GF152L0.899
6:150066137:G:CF38L0.885
6:150066137:G:TF38L0.885
6:150066139:A:GF38L0.885
6:150065549:C:AW159C0.875
6:150065549:C:GW159C0.875
6:150065507:C:AW173C0.872
6:150065507:C:GW173C0.872
6:150065608:A:GW140R0.856
6:150065608:A:TW140R0.856
6:150065594:G:CF144L0.843
6:150065594:G:TF144L0.843
6:150065596:A:GF144L0.843
6:150066065:A:CF62L0.838
6:150066065:A:TF62L0.838
6:150066067:A:GF62L0.838
6:150065432:G:CF198L0.837
6:150065432:G:TF198L0.837
6:150065434:A:GF198L0.837
6:150065601:A:GF142S0.835

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000147474 (6:150062654 G>A), RS1000433503 (6:150062910 G>A), RS1001139093 (6:150063991 C>G,T), RS1001644508 (6:150068672 A>C), RS1002315060 (6:150065270 C>G,T), RS1002630883 (6:150069722 A>G), RS1002980490 (6:150061416 C>G,T), RS1003639549 (6:150070888 G>A), RS1003996753 (6:150062565 T>C,G), RS1004432917 (6:150068223 A>G), RS1004607548 (6:150067247 G>C), RS1004886153 (6:150068059 T>G), RS1005385323 (6:150063702 C>T), RS1006003392 (6:150065136 G>A), RS1006492536 (6:150069641 T>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605699 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST000719_3Alopecia areata4.000000e-19
GCST001818_3Metabolite levels (HVA/5-HIAA ratio)4.000000e-06
GCST004866_2Alopecia areata6.000000e-24
GCST012483_2Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in APOEe4 non-carrier Alzheimer’s disease4.000000e-06
GCST012484_3Cerebral amyloid angiopathy x APOEe4 status interaction in Alzheimer’s disease5.000000e-07

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0005131HVA measurement
EFO:00051325-HIAA measurement
EFO:0007659APOE carrier status

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

19 total (human), top 19 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
sodium arseniteaffects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression2
Resveratroldecreases reaction, increases expression2
Benzo(a)pyreneaffects methylation, increases methylation2
aristolochic acid Iincreases expression1
bisphenol Adecreases methylation1
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-oneincreases expression1
manganese chlorideincreases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment1
abrinedecreases expression1
jinfukangdecreases expression1
Sunitinibdecreases expression1
Arsenic Trioxideincreases expression1
Arsenicincreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance1
Caffeinedecreases reaction, increases expression1
Estradiolincreases expression1
Hydrogen Peroxideincreases expression1
Manganeseincreases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment1
Smokedecreases expression1
Thiramincreases expression1
Tobacco Smoke Pollutionincreases expression1

Cellosaurus cell lines

3 cell lines: 3 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_B8ABAbcam Raji ULBP3 KOCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_C0B6Abcam THP-1 ULBP3 KOCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_C7CUAbcam PC-3 ULBP3 KOCancer cell lineMale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.