WDR90

Summary

WDR90 (WD repeat domain 90, HGNC:26960) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16p13.3, encoding WD repeat-containing protein 90 (Q96KV7). Microtubule-binding protein that plays a crucial role in ensuring inner core protein localization within the centriole core, as well as in maintaining the microtubule wall integrity and the overall centriole roundness and stability.

Enables microtubule binding activity. Involved in centriole elongation and cilium assembly. Located in microtubule organizing center and plasma membrane.

Source: NCBI Gene 197335 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 8
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 488 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 1
• MANE Select transcript: NM_145294

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:26960
Approved symbol	WDR90
Name	WD repeat domain 90
Location	16p13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ36483, KIAA1924, POC16
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000161996
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	618290
Entrez	197335

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 34 — 16 protein_coding, 13 retained_intron, 4 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000293879, ENST00000315764, ENST00000420061, ENST00000546516, ENST00000546896, ENST00000546923, ENST00000547407, ENST00000547543, ENST00000547944, ENST00000548448, ENST00000548603, ENST00000548844, ENST00000548859, ENST00000549024, ENST00000549091, ENST00000549648, ENST00000550593, ENST00000550739, ENST00000550902, ENST00000551100, ENST00000552648, ENST00000552683, ENST00000552728, ENST00000552943, ENST00000553080, ENST00000909859, ENST00000909860, ENST00000909861, ENST00000909862, ENST00000909863, ENST00000909864, ENST00000936386, ENST00000936387, ENST00000936388

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_145294 NM_145294

CCDS: CCDS42092

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000293879 — 41 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001237894	662679	662844
ENSE00002364485	649365	649426
ENSE00003477711	661051	661172
ENSE00003483889	665679	665801
ENSE00003486184	656732	656871
ENSE00003486483	657091	657221
ENSE00003487046	653525	653670
ENSE00003487566	660612	660714
ENSE00003489589	649763	649854
ENSE00003492437	649991	650167
ENSE00003497972	658896	659011
ENSE00003498740	667432	667830
ENSE00003498910	659086	659126
ENSE00003500018	661597	661787
ENSE00003504515	661891	662059
ENSE00003508279	650254	650362
ENSE00003521562	659245	659376
ENSE00003524232	656302	656537
ENSE00003524760	658183	658344
ENSE00003531797	653746	653803
ENSE00003551780	651644	651747
ENSE00003560666	653341	653451
ENSE00003560877	660058	660161
ENSE00003586507	650539	650709
ENSE00003589218	655307	655468
ENSE00003599875	650995	651103
ENSE00003599886	652467	652535
ENSE00003605594	655773	655889
ENSE00003606974	655573	655703
ENSE00003607183	651199	651266
ENSE00003612140	666673	666792
ENSE00003617889	658525	658653
ENSE00003618037	666455	666598
ENSE00003629393	655029	655147
ENSE00003631033	661342	661501
ENSE00003639177	651827	652039
ENSE00003652971	665950	666124
ENSE00003655536	657762	657892
ENSE00003661333	666905	666989
ENSE00003688942	666220	666350
ENSE00003691241	662220	662331

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 219 present calls, max score 98.78.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 8.2197 / max 256.9497, expressed in 1605 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
151962	7.5442	1574
151961	0.6755	400

Top tissues by expression

249 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	98.78	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	98.30	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	98.23	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	95.33	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	95.17	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	94.98	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	94.88	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	94.74	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	94.42	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	94.37	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	94.34	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	94.17	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	94.08	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	94.07	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	93.96	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	93.84	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	93.71	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	93.69	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	93.50	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	93.43	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	93.21	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	93.07	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	93.06	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	92.85	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	92.78	gold quality
peripheral nervous system	UBERON:0000010	92.66	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	92.66	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	92.55	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	92.21	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	92.06	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	8.68

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

11 targeting WDR90, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-221-5P	99.86	65.45	1052
HSA-MIR-8073	99.86	65.21	1118
HSA-MIR-556-3P	99.74	68.75	1203
HSA-MIR-494-3P	99.70	71.45	2795
HSA-MIR-365A-3P	99.43	70.02	836
HSA-MIR-365B-3P	99.43	70.02	836
HSA-MIR-4641	99.28	66.64	744
HSA-MIR-10399-5P	99.17	69.87	2610
HSA-MIR-6504-3P	99.17	69.31	2891
HSA-MIR-8053	92.82	66.12	79
HSA-MIR-9899	91.24	59.59	90

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• This study identified POB15 and POC16 as two proteins of the central core region, the distribution of which correlates with that of tubulin glutamylation; POB15 is an inner barrel protein within this region. Two poc16 mutants exhibit flagellar defects, indicating that POC16 is important for flagellum biogenesis. Human WDR90 is required for ciliogenesis, echoing the findings in Chlamydomonas. (PMID:28781053)
• Study describes WD repeat containing protein 90 (WDR90) as a new inflammasome component. Reconstitution experiments of the human inflammasome in HEK293cells demonstrated that WDR90 was able to physically interact with and to alter the cellular distribution of NLRC4, but not of NLRP3 and AIM2. (PMID:31276698)
• WDR90 is a centriolar microtubule wall protein important for centriole architecture integrity. (PMID:32946374)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	wdr90	ENSDARG00000079241
mus_musculus	Wdr90	ENSMUSG00000073434

Paralogs (9): EML1 (ENSG00000066629), EML2 (ENSG00000125746), EML4 (ENSG00000143924), EML3 (ENSG00000149499), CFAP251 (ENSG00000158023), EML5 (ENSG00000165521), CFAP52 (ENSG00000166596), CFAP44 (ENSG00000206530), EML6 (ENSG00000214595)

Protein

Protein identifiers

WD repeat-containing protein 90 — Q96KV7 (reviewed: Q96KV7)

All UniProt accessions (7): Q96KV7, F8VUX9, G3V201, H0YHN4, H0YHV6, H0YI59, H0YIW5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Microtubule-binding protein that plays a crucial role in ensuring inner core protein localization within the centriole core, as well as in maintaining the microtubule wall integrity and the overall centriole roundness and stability. Required for efficient primary cilium formation.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Microtubule organizing center. Centrosome. Centriole. Centriolar satellite.

Miscellaneous. May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Similarity. Belongs to the WD repeat WDR90/POC16 family.

Isoforms (5)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q96KV7-1	1	yes
Q96KV7-10	2
Q96KV7-3	3
Q96KV7-7	4
Q96KV7-5	5

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_660337* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001680	WD40_rpt	Repeat
IPR007714	CFA20_dom	Domain
IPR011047	Quinoprotein_ADH-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR015943	WD40/YVTN_repeat-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR019775	WD40_repeat_CS	Conserved_site
IPR036322	WD40_repeat_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR050630	WD_repeat_EMAP	Family
IPR055440	Beta-prop_WDR90_4th	Domain
IPR055441	Beta-prop_WDR90_POC16_2nd	Domain

Pfam: PF00400, PF05018, PF23342, PF23393

UniProt features (44 total): repeat 21, splice variant 8, sequence variant 6, sequence conflict 4, region of interest 3, chain 1, modified residue 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q96KV7-F1	77.73	0.34

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 241

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 107 (showing top): GSE45365_CTRL_VS_MCMV_INFECTION_NK_CELL_UP, CMYB_01, GOCC_MICROTUBULE_ORGANIZING_CENTER, GOBP_CENTRIOLE_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_CILIUM_ORGANIZATION, GOCC_CENTROSOME, GOBP_ORGANELLE_ASSEMBLY, ELK1_01, DOUGLAS_BMI1_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_CELL_PROJECTION_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_CENTROSOME_DUPLICATION, GOCC_CENTRIOLE, MASSARWEH_TAMOXIFEN_RESISTANCE_UP, RFX1_01, GOCC_CILIUM

GO Biological Process (3): cilium assembly (GO:0060271), centriole elongation (GO:0061511), cell projection organization (GO:0030030)

GO Molecular Function (2): microtubule binding (GO:0008017), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (9): centrosome (GO:0005813), centriole (GO:0005814), microtubule (GO:0005874), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), centriolar satellite (GO:0034451), ciliary basal body (GO:0036064), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), cilium (GO:0005929)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
microtubule organizing center	3
intracellular membraneless organelle	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
axoneme assembly	1
intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly	1
cilium organization	1
protein localization to cilium	1
organelle assembly	1
trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment transport	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly	1
ciliary transition zone assembly	1
centriole replication	1
cell cycle process	1
cellular component organization	1
tubulin binding	1
binding	1
centriole	1
microtubule cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
centrosome	1
cilium	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
intraciliary transport particle	1
membrane-bounded organelle	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

3923 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
WDR90	POC5	Q8NA72	871
WDR90	POC1B	Q8TC44	718
WDR90	FAM161A	Q3B820	708
WDR90	CETN2	P41208	541
WDR90	WDR24	Q96S15	484
WDR90	CCDC77	Q9BR77	449
WDR90	EFR3A	Q14156	447
WDR90	KRTAP10-4	P60372	445
WDR90	SPICE1	Q8N0Z3	442
WDR90	SASS6	Q6UVJ0	438
WDR90	CCDC138	Q96M89	435
WDR90	EFHC1	Q5JVL4	434
WDR90	RHBDL1	O75783	422
WDR90	TUBD1	Q9UJT1	406
WDR90	CCDC61	Q9Y6R9	400

IntAct

31 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
MED4	MED19	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.900
CSNK1E	PER1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
DYNLL1	BLTP3B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
FKBP5	PDIK1L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
RBPMS	WDR90	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
WDR90	RBPMS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MAP1LC3B	WDR90	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
WDR90	NUDC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
Cep135		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TACC3	DHRS2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Cep120	TBC1D31	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CEP43	CCHCR1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
THOC2		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Cep131	WBP2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
OFD1	CCDC14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CEP135	TBC1D31	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Cep43	TBC1D31	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Ankrd26	TBC1D31	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Prkar2a	TBC1D31	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Lrrcc1	CCDC14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Cep72	TBC1D31	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MAPRE1	CTNNB1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Pcm1	TBC1D31	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CCDC14	TBC1D31	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
M		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
WDR90	CLUH	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FTL		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CFTR	UBA6	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.270

BioGRID (51): WDR90 (Two-hybrid), SUGT1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CLUH (Affinity Capture-MS), DPP8 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Proximity Label-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS), WDR90 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1L8HX76, A0JP70, A4IG72, A7E3S5, A7Z052, D3ZW91, E9PY46, P57081, Q05B17, Q0P5H9, Q15061, Q32P44, Q3SZD4, Q3U821, Q499N3, Q4VBE8, Q5BK48, Q5F3K4, Q5RB07, Q5RBH8, Q5RD06, Q5XFW6, Q68EI0, Q6DFC6, Q6KAU8, Q6PFM9, Q6PGF3, Q6ZQL4, Q7ZVF0, Q7ZVR1, Q7ZY78, Q8BH57, Q8C5V5, Q8IWA0, Q8N0Z6, Q8NA23, Q8NAA4, Q8VC03, Q969R8, Q96KV7

Diamond homologs: A0JP70, P62883, P62884, Q25306, Q6ZPG2, Q96KV7, A0A223GEB2, A1CQI9, A1CUD6, A1D3F5, A2QPZ4, A5DWF4, A6QX61, A8WSU9, B0XM00, B0XQ42, B2AEZ5, B2B766, C0NRC6, C4JZS6, C6HTE8, D1ZEB4, F1M5N7, G0SCK6, G1SJB4, G4MQX3, O13982, O18640, O24076, O24456, O42248, O42249, O54927, O75037, P16520, P25387, P25635, P26308, P38011, P46800

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 37 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes	6	50.1×	1e-07
Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome	6	50.1×	1e-07
AURKA Activation by TPX2	6	48.1×	1e-07
Recruitment of mitotic centrosome proteins and complexes	6	42.9×	1e-07
Regulation of PLK1 Activity at G2/M Transition	6	40.1×	2e-07
Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes	6	36.8×	3e-07
Anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane	6	35.7×	3e-07
Mitotic Prometaphase	5	18.2×	1e-04

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

488 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	373
Likely benign	59
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

6567 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:649851:CACG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:649852:ACGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:649855:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
16:649856:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:650166:AGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:650167:GGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:650296:GAGTT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:650409:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
16:650675:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
16:650676:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
16:650683:ACACC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
16:650692:ACCT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
16:650705:GCCTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:650707:CTGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:650991:GTAGC:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:650992:TAGCC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:650993:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:650993:A:AT	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:650994:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:650994:GCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:650994:GCCAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:651099:GTCCG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:651104:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:651104:GTGA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:651105:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:651196:AAG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:651197:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:651642:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:651643:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:651743:CAGCC:C	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

11309 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:650571:T:A	W141R	0.995
16:650571:T:C	W141R	0.995
16:650688:A:C	S180R	0.994
16:650690:T:A	S180R	0.994
16:650690:T:G	S180R	0.994
16:658962:A:C	S988R	0.993
16:658964:C:A	S988R	0.993
16:658964:C:G	S988R	0.993
16:665746:G:C	R1460P	0.993
16:661060:C:A	A1134D	0.991
16:665722:C:A	T1452K	0.991
16:657149:A:C	S801R	0.990
16:657151:C:A	S801R	0.990
16:657151:C:G	S801R	0.990
16:665751:T:A	W1462R	0.990
16:665751:T:C	W1462R	0.990
16:650573:G:C	W141C	0.989
16:650573:G:T	W141C	0.989
16:650671:T:A	V174D	0.989
16:660699:T:A	W1126R	0.989
16:660699:T:C	W1126R	0.989
16:662755:G:C	G1408R	0.989
16:653603:T:A	W438R	0.988
16:653603:T:C	W438R	0.988
16:658986:T:A	W996R	0.987
16:658986:T:C	W996R	0.987
16:650052:T:A	I55N	0.986
16:662252:A:C	S1356R	0.986
16:662254:C:A	S1356R	0.986
16:662254:C:G	S1356R	0.986

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000045050 (16:651541 C>G,T), RS1000168162 (16:660439 G>T), RS1000267668 (16:647113 G>A,T), RS1000617492 (16:664765 C>T), RS1000643825 (16:657763 G>A,T), RS1000694650 (16:657590 G>A,C), RS1000881543 (16:654310 C>A), RS1001257429 (16:658075 C>G), RS1001378990 (16:654988 G>A,T), RS1001431109 (16:654877 C>T), RS1001437314 (16:662897 C>G,T), RS1001560580 (16:651206 A>C,G,T), RS1001723536 (16:649814 G>A), RS1001989805 (16:666805 G>C), RS1002017500 (16:660843 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:618290 | disease phenotypes: MIM:209850

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): autism (MONDO:0005260)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

1 total (1 of 1 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000717	Autism

GWAS associations

8 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001873_8	Red blood cell traits	4.000000e-22
GCST005951_12	Body mass index	5.000000e-11
GCST006630_71	Diastolic blood pressure	3.000000e-12
GCST010796_5294	Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)	9.000000e-09
GCST010796_5295	Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)	5.000000e-08
GCST010796_5296	Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)	4.000000e-08
GCST010796_5297	Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)	2.000000e-08
GCST011703_22	Smoking initiation	7.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004340	body mass index
EFO:0006336	diastolic blood pressure
EFO:0004327	electrocardiography
EFO:0005670	smoking initiation

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001321	Autistic Disorder	F03.625.164.113.500

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

43 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	affects expression, decreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	6
Arsenic	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression, affects methylation	3
methacrylaldehyde	increases oxidation, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	2
Acrolein	affects cotreatment, increases oxidation, increases abundance	2
Air Pollutants	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases oxidation, increases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, affects methylation	2
Ozone	affects cotreatment, increases oxidation, increases abundance	2
Smoke	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
bisphenol F	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
alpha-pinene	affects cotreatment, increases oxidation, increases abundance	1
propionaldehyde	decreases expression	1
beta-lapachone	decreases expression	1
manganese chloride	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
beta-methylcholine	affects expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
NSC 689534	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Caffeine	increases phosphorylation	1
Cisplatin	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Demecolcine	decreases expression	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Doxorubicin	increases expression	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Manganese	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00211796	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Divalproex Sodium ER in Adult Autism
NCT00391261	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Open-label Trial of Metformin for Weight Control of Pediatric Patients on Antipsychotic Medications.
NCT00409747	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Minocycline to Treat Childhood Regressive Autism
NCT00576732	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Two Doses of Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder
NCT00844753	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism
NCT01028820	PHASE4	COMPLETED	FMRI Brain Activation of Aripiprazole Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01098383	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Treatment With Acetyl-Choline Esterase Inhibitors in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01333865	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01337700	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Milnacipran in Autism and the Functional Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Model of Autism
NCT01695200	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT02069977	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole
NCT02096952	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate ER Liquid Formulation in Adults With ASD and ADHD
NCT02199925	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of High-Dose Gammaplex in Children on the Autism Spectrum
NCT02235467	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multisite Study: Parental Training Using Video Modelling to Develop Social Skills in Children With Autism
NCT02255565	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dose Response Effects of Quillivant XR in Children With ADHD and Autism: A Pilot Study
NCT02940574	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Neural and Behavioral Effects of Oxytocin in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03333629	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Promoting Positive Outcomes for Individuals With ASD: Linking Early Detection, Treatment, and Long-term Outcomes
NCT03337646	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Effect and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine in Children Aged 6-12 With ADHD and Autism
NCT03538431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Improving Driving in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03757585	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Natural Treatments for the Management of Emotional Dysregulation in Youth With Non-verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
NCT04903353	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pragmatic Trial Comparing Weight Gain in Children With Autism Taking Risperidone Versus Aripiprazole
NCT05063656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Biomarker-Driven Pharmacological Treatment of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Gabapentin
NCT05146245	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics in Children 2: Studying TDM in an RCT
NCT05916339	PHASE4	RECRUITING	AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT05954052	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study of Glutathione in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06853665	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The TEAM Study - Treatment Efficacy for Autism/Attention Using Mixed Amphetamine
NCT07054697	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot-RCT With Individualized Homeopathic Treatment in the Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT07161804	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot RCT Using Homeopathic Medicines in ASD
NCT07439042	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Buspirone for Anxiety in Autistic Youth
NCT00036231	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
NCT00036244	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism
NCT00065884	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Valproate Response in Aggressive Autistic Adolescents
NCT00065962	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Secretin for the Treatment of Autism
NCT00252603	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Galantamine Versus Placebo in Childhood Autism
NCT00346736	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352248	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture Versus Sham Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352352	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00355329	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Control Trial of Using Tongue Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Using PET Scan for Clinical Correlation
NCT00498173	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Atomoxetine in Treating ADHD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Autism
NCT00541346	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study of Daytrana TM in Children With Autism Co-Morbid for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms