ZBED1

Summary

ZBED1 (zinc finger BED-type containing 1, HGNC:447) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome Xp22.33 and Yp11, encoding E3 SUMO-protein ligase ZBED1 (O96006). Functions as an E3-type small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) ligase which sumoylates CHD3/Mi2-alpha, causing its release from DNA.

This gene is located in the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) of X and Y chromosomes. It was earlier identified as a gene with similarity to Ac transposable elements, however, was found not to have transposase activity. Later studies show that this gene product is localized in the nucleus and functions as a transcription factor. It binds to DNA elements found in the promoter regions of several genes related to cell proliferation, such as histone H1, hence may have a role in regulating genes related to cell proliferation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants with different 5’ untranslated region have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 9189 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Transcription factor: yes — 22 downstream targets (CollecTRI)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001171136

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:447
Approved symbol	ZBED1
Name	zinc finger BED-type containing 1
Location	Xp22.33 and Yp11
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	TRAMP, KIAA0785, DREF, hDREF
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000214717
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	300178
Entrez	9189

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 11 — 10 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000381218, ENST00000381222, ENST00000381223, ENST00000461691, ENST00000515319, ENST00000652001, ENST00000864351, ENST00000864352, ENST00000864353, ENST00000934969, ENST00000934970

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001171136 NM_001171135, NM_001171136, NM_004729

CCDS: CCDS14118

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000652001 — 2 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00003847015	2486435	2490772
ENSE00003850567	2500817	2500976

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 281 present calls, max score 95.13.

Top tissues by expression

294 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	95.13	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	93.38	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	92.78	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	92.62	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	92.54	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	92.50	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	92.20	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	91.90	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	91.89	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	91.71	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	91.70	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	91.30	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	91.30	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	91.24	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	91.05	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	90.81	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	90.75	silver quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	90.46	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	90.44	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	90.39	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	90.27	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	90.16	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	90.09	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	90.05	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	89.60	silver quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	89.51	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	89.46	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	89.45	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	89.41	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	89.37	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6678	no	3.15
E-ANND-3	no	0.45

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

22 targets.

Target	Regulation
AKT1
AQP1
CAT	Unknown
EIF4A1	Activation
EPHA5
GATA4	Repression
H1-2
HEXIM1
HP
LATS1
MT-ATP6
MYB	Unknown
PCNA	Activation
RAF1
RFC1
RHOH
RPS10	Activation
RPS12	Activation
RPS6	Activation
SSBP1	Unknown
TBP
ZBED1

JASPAR motifs

Motif	Name	Family
MA0749.1	ZBED1	BED zinc finger factors
MA0749.2	ZBED1	BED zinc finger factors

JASPAR matrix evidence (PMIDs): PMID:12663651

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ZBED1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

40 targeting ZBED1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P	100.00	76.32	3233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P	100.00	76.32	3242
HSA-MIR-3692-3P	99.98	70.27	2139
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-130B-5P	99.83	68.50	1888
HSA-MIR-4319	99.76	69.83	2586
HSA-MIR-670-5P	99.67	69.94	1565
HSA-MIR-7157-5P	99.66	69.33	1829
HSA-MIR-6512-3P	99.65	66.07	1468
HSA-MIR-6720-5P	99.65	66.22	1459
HSA-MIR-4310	99.59	68.84	2527
HSA-MIR-3120-3P	99.54	70.28	2669
HSA-MIR-6740-3P	99.48	68.49	1392
HSA-MIR-578	99.46	68.36	1787
HSA-MIR-135A-5P	99.36	71.85	1601
HSA-MIR-135B-5P	99.36	71.63	1613
HSA-MIR-130A-5P	99.33	70.26	2623
HSA-MIR-548V	99.29	69.47	1157
HSA-MIR-7151-3P	99.04	69.72	2370
HSA-MIR-455-3P	98.94	67.68	878
HSA-MIR-29B-1-5P	98.86	68.35	1364
HSA-MIR-6829-5P	98.86	65.12	1480
HSA-MIR-619-5P	98.57	64.97	1988
HSA-MIR-4691-5P	98.41	66.77	1343
HSA-MIR-6792-3P	98.41	66.86	1359
HSA-MIR-5691	98.23	67.02	1335
HSA-MIR-6805-3P	98.23	67.02	1334

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 7)

• expression of hDREF/KIAA0785 may have a role in regulation of human genes related to cell proliferation (PMID:12663651)
• self-association of hDREF via the hATC domain is necessary for its nuclear accumulation and DNA binding. (PMID:17209048)
• hDREF is an important transcription factor for cell proliferation which plays roles in cell cycle-dependent regulation of a number of ribosomal protein genes (PMID:17220279)
• These findings identify DREF as a novel adenovirus E1A C terminus binding partner and provide evidence supporting a role for DREF in viral replication. (PMID:25210186)
• The pseudoautosomal region of human X and Y chromosome encoded ZBED1 protein was predicted to interact with at least 10 proteins encoded on the somatic chromosomes. (PMID:26279084)
• ZBED1 is not a cell proliferation-associated factor such as Drosophila DREF, and our study adds to the cumulative understanding of the functions of ZBED1 in human cells and tissues. (PMID:30304065)
• ZBED1 Regulates Genes Important for Multiple Biological Processes of the Placenta. (PMID:35052473)

Cross-species orthologs

0 orthologs

Paralogs (2): ZBED4 (ENSG00000100426), ZBED6 (ENSG00000257315)

Protein

Protein identifiers

E3 SUMO-protein ligase ZBED1 — O96006 (reviewed: O96006)

Alternative names: DNA replication-related element-binding factor, Putative Ac-like transposable element, Zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 1, dREF homolog

All UniProt accessions (2): C9JXP4, O96006

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Functions as an E3-type small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) ligase which sumoylates CHD3/Mi2-alpha, causing its release from DNA. This results in suppression of CHD3/Mi2-alpha transcription repression, increased recruitment of RNA polymerase II to gene promoters and positive regulation of transcription including H1-5 and ribosomal proteins such as: RPS6, RPL10A, and RPL12. The resulting increased transcriptional activity drives cell proliferation. Binds to 5’-TGTCG[CT]GA[CT]A-3’ consensus sequences in gene promoters of ribosomal proteins. (Microbial infection) Binds to human adenovirus gene promoters and contributes to transcriptional repression and virus growth inhibition during early stages of infection.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer and homomultimer. Homodimerization is necessary for protein nuclear localization and DNA binding. Interacts with KPNB1; required for nuclear import of ZBED1/hDREF. Interacts with CHD3/Mi2-alpha. Interacts with SUMO1. Interacts with UBE2I/UBC9. (Microbial infection) Interacts (via C-terminus) with human adenovirus early E1A protein (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. PML body. Nucleus Nucleus.

Tissue specificity. Ubiquitously expressed at low levels. Expression is highest in skeletal muscle, heart, spleen and placenta.

Post-translational modifications. Autosumoylated with SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3.

Induction. Expression is linked to the cell cycle: low in serum-starved fibroblasts, increasing during the G1/S phase, highest during the S/G2 phase and then decreasing again.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein sumoylation.

Miscellaneous. The gene coding for this protein is located in the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) of X and Y chromosomes.

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001164606, NP_001164607, NP_004720 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR003656	Znf_BED	Domain
IPR008906	HATC_C_dom	Domain
IPR012337	RNaseH-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036236	Znf_C2H2_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR052717	Vacuolar_transposase_reg	Family

Pfam: PF02892, PF05699

UniProt features (32 total): mutagenesis site 14, binding site 4, region of interest 4, helix 3, strand 2, chain 1, zinc finger region 1, sequence conflict 1, turn 1, short sequence motif 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
2CT5	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O96006-F1	83.28	0.63

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (4): 71; 47; 50; 66

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (14):

Position	Phenotype
47	abolishes autosumoylation.
50	abolishes autosumoylation.
71	abolishes autosumoylation.
360	abolishes interaction with sumo1.
401	abolishes interaction with sumo1.
530–531	abolishes nuclear localization, however has no effect on homodimerization; when associated with a-534.
534	abolishes nuclear localization, however has no effect on homodimerization; when associated with a-530-a-a-531.
590–591	abolishes homodimerization, multimerization, interaction with kpnb1, nuclear localization and dna binding activity. abol
599	no effect on homodimerization or nuclear localization.
600–601	abolishes homodimerization and nuclear localization. abolishes homodimerization, multimerization, nuclear localization,
604–605	reduces homodimerization and nuclear localization. abolishes homodimerization, multimerization, nuclear localization, an
619–620	no effect on homodimerization or nuclear localization.
622	no effect on homodimerization or nuclear localization.
633	no effect on homodimerization or nuclear localization.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-4551638	SUMOylation of chromatin organization proteins

MSigDB gene sets: 123 (showing top): GCM_GSPT1, MORF_SNRP70, ACEVEDO_NORMAL_TISSUE_ADJACENT_TO_LIVER_TUMOR_DN, GOBP_MODULATION_OF_PROCESS_OF_ANOTHER_ORGANISM, GOBP_HOST_MEDIATED_PERTURBATION_OF_VIRAL_PROCESS, GOBP_PEPTIDYL_LYSINE_MODIFICATION, WATANABE_RECTAL_CANCER_RADIOTHERAPY_RESPONSIVE_UP, GOBP_PROTEIN_SUMOYLATION, GOBP_VIRAL_GENOME_REPLICATION, GOBP_VIRAL_LIFE_CYCLE, GOBP_POST_TRANSLATIONAL_PROTEIN_MODIFICATION, MORF_PML, GCM_NF2, MORF_PDPK1, MORF_IKBKG

GO Biological Process (6): regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0006355), regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0006357), protein sumoylation (GO:0016925), host-mediated suppression of viral genome replication (GO:0044828), positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0045944), protein autosumoylation (GO:1990466)

GO Molecular Function (16): RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding (GO:0000978), DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific (GO:0000981), DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific (GO:0001228), transcription coregulator activity (GO:0003712), transcription coactivator activity (GO:0003713), zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), SUMO transferase activity (GO:0019789), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), sequence-specific DNA binding (GO:0043565), protein dimerization activity (GO:0046983), SUMO ligase activity (GO:0061665), sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding (GO:1990837), DNA binding (GO:0003677), protein binding (GO:0005515), transferase activity (GO:0016740), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (6): chromatin (GO:0000785), nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), centrosome (GO:0005813), PML body (GO:0016605), nuclear membrane (GO:0031965)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
SUMO E3 ligases SUMOylate target proteins	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	3
transcription by RNA polymerase II	2
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	2
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	2
protein binding	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
DNA-templated transcription	1
regulation of gene expression	1
regulation of RNA biosynthetic process	1
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	1
peptidyl-lysine modification	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation	1
viral genome replication	1
host-mediated perturbation of viral process	1
protein sumoylation	1
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	1
chromatin	1
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	1
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	1
DNA-binding transcription activator activity	1
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	1
transcription regulator activity	1
transcription coregulator activity	1
transition metal ion binding	1
ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity	1
DNA binding	1
SUMO transferase activity	1
ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity	1
double-stranded DNA binding	1
sequence-specific DNA binding	1
nucleic acid binding	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
chromosome	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
nuclear lumen	1
centriole	1
microtubule organizing center	1
nuclear body	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1000 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ZBED1	KPNB1	Q14974	761
ZBED1	H1-0	P07305	708
ZBED1	DHRSX	Q8N5I4	667
ZBED1	ASMTL	O95671	667
ZBED1	SMARCA1	P28370	624
ZBED1	SMARCA5	O60264	612
ZBED1	AKAP17A	Q02040	603
ZBED1	PLCXD1	Q9NUJ7	595
ZBED1	GTPBP6	O43824	582
ZBED1	TBPL1	P62380	539
ZBED1	ASMT	P46597	483
ZBED1	SHOX	O15266	480
ZBED1	SPRY3	O43610	458
ZBED1	GTF3C1	Q12789	446
ZBED1	VAMP7	P51809	433

IntAct

203 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
AIRIM	ZBED1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.780
ZBED1	AIRIM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.780
NHERF2	PODXL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.770
ZBED1	UBE2I	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
LRRC20	ZBED1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
ZBED1	LRRC20	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
EFHC1	ZBED1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
ZBED1	EFHC1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
ZBED1	ZBED1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
KDM1A	ZBED1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
ZBED1	PSAP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
PRKAR1A	ZBED1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.660
ZNF576	ZBED1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
DHRSX	ZBED1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.590

BioGRID (148): ZBED1 (Two-hybrid), ZBED1 (Two-hybrid), ZBED1 (Two-hybrid), ZBED1 (Two-hybrid), ZBED1 (Two-hybrid), UCHL5 (Two-hybrid), AMOTL2 (Two-hybrid), C1orf109 (Two-hybrid), LRRC20 (Two-hybrid), KLHL40 (Two-hybrid), ZBED1 (Reconstituted Complex), ZBED1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZBED1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZBED1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SPEF1 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A4IFA3, A4Z943, A4Z944, A4Z945, B2RRL2, D3Z4R1, F1NQJ3, O43422, O60108, O60290, O96006, P08770, P0CF97, P12258, P16320, P34601, Q09772, Q0VBL1, Q17RP2, Q3EBC8, Q3YK19, Q49AG3, Q4R6P1, Q4W5G0, Q5SVZ6, Q5SXJ3, Q6EKJ0, Q6NT04, Q6R2W3, Q7L775, Q7M3K2, Q86UP8, Q8BUZ3, Q8IY51, Q8IZ13, Q8TBB0, Q8TCP9, Q8TDG4, Q8VEH5, Q95M72

SIGNOR signaling

5 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
ZBED1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	RPS6	“transcriptional regulation”
ZBED1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	RPS10	“transcriptional regulation”
ZBED1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	RPS12	“transcriptional regulation”
ATRX	“up-regulates activity”	ZBED1	binding
ZBED1	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	GATA4	“transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

0 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	0
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

355 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
X:2500812:CTGA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
X:2500813:TGACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
X:2500814:GACC:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:2500816:C:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:2500816:CC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
X:2500811:GCTGA:G	donor_loss	0.9900
X:2500816:CCTGG:C	donor_gain	0.9900
X:2498616:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.9700
X:2500309:AC:A	donor_gain	0.9400
X:2500310:CC:C	donor_gain	0.9400
X:2494460:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9200
X:2500815:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9200
X:2500816:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9200
X:2488732:T:TA	donor_gain	0.8900
X:2498615:CAG:C	acceptor_gain	0.8600
X:2488629:T:TA	donor_gain	0.8500
X:2500305:ACTT:A	donor_loss	0.8500
X:2500307:TTACC:T	donor_loss	0.8500
X:2500308:T:TG	donor_loss	0.8500
X:2500310:C:CG	donor_loss	0.8500
X:2486712:T:TA	donor_gain	0.8400
X:2490773:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.8400
X:2500306:CTT:C	donor_loss	0.8400
X:2500308:T:TA	donor_loss	0.8400
X:2500309:A:AG	donor_loss	0.8400
X:2500310:C:CT	donor_loss	0.8400
X:2486819:T:TA	donor_gain	0.8300
X:2500304:CACT:C	donor_loss	0.8200
X:2500309:A:AC	donor_gain	0.8200
X:2500310:C:CC	donor_gain	0.8200

AlphaMissense

4575 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
Y:2490507:G:C	H71Q	1.000
Y:2490507:G:T	H71Q	1.000
Y:2490509:G:C	H71D	1.000
Y:2490520:A:G	L67P	1.000
Y:2490520:A:T	L67Q	1.000
Y:2490522:G:C	H66Q	1.000
Y:2490522:G:T	H66Q	1.000
Y:2490523:T:C	H66R	1.000
Y:2490524:G:C	H66D	1.000
Y:2490524:G:T	H66N	1.000
Y:2490532:A:G	L63P	1.000
Y:2490532:A:T	L63Q	1.000
Y:2490534:G:C	N62K	1.000
Y:2490534:G:T	N62K	1.000
Y:2490536:T:C	N62D	1.000
Y:2490538:G:A	S61F	1.000
Y:2490539:A:G	S61P	1.000
Y:2490541:G:A	T60I	1.000
Y:2490543:G:C	N59K	1.000
Y:2490543:G:T	N59K	1.000
Y:2490545:T:C	N59D	1.000
Y:2490547:C:A	G58V	1.000
Y:2490547:C:T	G58E	1.000
Y:2490554:A:C	Y56D	1.000
Y:2490554:A:G	Y56H	1.000
Y:2490570:G:C	C50W	1.000
Y:2490571:C:T	C50Y	1.000
Y:2490572:A:G	C50R	1.000
Y:2490579:G:C	C47W	1.000
Y:2490580:C:G	C47S	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000171547 (X:2486377 G>A), RS1000418630 (X:2496303 A>C), RS1000781781 (X:2487317 T>C), RS1000806578 (X:2492765 G>A), RS1000838211 (X:2492506 A>G), RS1001020743 (X:2497996 C>G,T), RS1001066128 (X:2487468 G>A,C), RS1001312990 (X:2491998 A>C), RS1001389540 (X:2498384 C>A,T), RS1002183569 (X:2487699 C>T), RS1002346070 (X:2498967 TA>T,TAA), RS1002363911 (X:2492862 G>A), RS1002444502 (X:2498713 A>G), RS1002739394 (X:2492989 C>T), RS1003380341 (X:2500031 T>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:300178 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

44 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Air Pollutants	affects expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance, increases oxidation	2
Ozone	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases oxidation, increases abundance, affects expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
TAK-243	decreases sumoylation	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
alpha-pinene	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases oxidation, increases abundance	1
titanium dioxide	increases methylation	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
butyraldehyde	decreases expression	1
ferrous chloride	decreases expression	1
methacrylaldehyde	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases oxidation, increases abundance	1
diallyl trisulfide	decreases expression	1
pterostilbene	decreases expression	1
2-palmitoylglycerol	increases expression	1
K 7174	decreases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Acrolein	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases oxidation, increases abundance	1
Adenine	decreases expression	1
Atrazine	decreases expression	1
Vehicle Emissions	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Cisplatin	decreases expression	1
Colchicine	decreases expression	1
Dimethyl Sulfoxide	increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Ethyl Methanesulfonate	decreases expression	1
Etoposide	decreases expression	1
Hydroxyurea	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.