ZMYND15

Summary

ZMYND15 (zinc finger MYND-type containing 15, HGNC:20997) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17p13.2, encoding Zinc finger MYND domain-containing protein 15 (Q9H091). Acts as a transcriptional repressor through interaction with histone deacetylases (HDACs).

This gene encodes a MYND-containing zinc-binding protein with a nuclear localization sequence. A similar gene in mice has been shown to act as a testis-specific transcriptional repressor by recruiting histone deacetylase enzymes to regulate spatiotemporal expression of many haploid genes. This protein may play an important role in spermatogenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms.

Source: NCBI Gene 84225 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): spermatogenic failure 14 (Strong, GenCC) — +1 more curated relationship
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 159 total — 5 pathogenic, 5 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 15
• Dosage sensitivity (ClinGen): haploinsufficiency autosomal recessive, triplosensitivity no evidence
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001136046

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:20997
Approved symbol	ZMYND15
Name	zinc finger MYND-type containing 15
Location	17p13.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	DKFZp434N127
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000141497
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	614312
Entrez	84225

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 11 — 9 protein_coding, 2 retained_intron

ENST00000269289, ENST00000433935, ENST00000571782, ENST00000573751, ENST00000574829, ENST00000592813, ENST00000885791, ENST00000885792, ENST00000885793, ENST00000916043, ENST00000941680

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001136046 NM_001136046, NM_001267822, NM_032265

CCDS: CCDS11053, CCDS45584, CCDS58506

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000433935 — 14 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000949222	4743767	4743847
ENSE00000949224	4744369	4744467
ENSE00000949225	4744625	4744778
ENSE00000949226	4744870	4744928
ENSE00001125729	4745215	4745375
ENSE00001624032	4740519	4741140
ENSE00001761821	4739833	4740050
ENSE00002672530	4745819	4746113
ENSE00003498136	4742331	4742491
ENSE00003498707	4741915	4742070
ENSE00003554604	4741582	4741816
ENSE00003617156	4744190	4744278
ENSE00003623426	4743991	4744107
ENSE00003684454	4743303	4743455

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 156 present calls, max score 87.81.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 0.9715 / max 42.9068, expressed in 328 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (6 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
158935	0.3250	181
158934	0.3072	173
158932	0.1259	62
158936	0.1149	26
158933	0.0865	40
158937	0.0121	7

Top tissues by expression

248 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	87.81	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	87.23	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	84.95	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	84.34	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	79.24	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	77.59	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	77.17	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	75.25	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	75.18	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	74.94	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	73.41	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	73.38	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	72.93	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	71.59	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	71.44	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	71.42	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	71.22	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	71.16	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	70.37	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	70.29	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	69.97	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	69.77	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	69.54	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	69.22	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	69.21	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	69.13	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	68.92	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	68.80	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	68.59	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	68.19	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	3.62

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

11 targeting ZMYND15, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-4658	99.77	64.94	514
HSA-MIR-6790-5P	99.77	65.24	505
HSA-MIR-3659	99.70	67.97	694
HSA-MIR-29B-2-5P	99.67	68.98	1726
HSA-MIR-1245B-5P	98.88	66.55	576
HSA-MIR-3142	98.88	66.09	529
HSA-MIR-6715B-3P	98.80	68.07	1204
HSA-MIR-4652-5P	96.46	64.22	553
HSA-MIR-4300	95.85	64.56	1003

Functional genomics

ClinGen dosage: haploinsufficiency 30 (autosomal recessive), triplosensitivity 0 (no evidence). ClinGen Gene Dosage Map

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 5)

• Two candidate loci in each family and homozygous truncating mutations p.R611X in TAF4B in family 1 and p.K507Sfs*3 in ZMYND15 in family 2, were identified. (PMID:24431330)
• Could analysis of testis-specific genes, as biomarkers in seminal plasma, predict presence of focal spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermia? (PMID:31793700)
• Novel homozygous truncating variants in ZMYND15 causing severe oligozoospermia and their implications for male infertility. (PMID:33169450)
• From azoospermia to macrozoospermia, a phenotypic continuum due to mutations in the ZMYND15 gene. (PMID:35017390)
• Sequencing of the ZMYND15 gene in a cohort of infertile Chinese men reveals novel mutations in patients with teratozoospermia. (PMID:35973810)

Cross-species orthologs

11 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Zmynd15	ENSMUSG00000040829
rattus_norvegicus	Zmynd15	ENSRNOG00000019477
drosophila_melanogaster	Smyd3	FBGN0011566
drosophila_melanogaster	dao	FBGN0028862
drosophila_melanogaster	SmydA-9	FBGN0030102
drosophila_melanogaster	SmydA-5	FBGN0033061
drosophila_melanogaster	Smyd4-1	FBGN0033427
drosophila_melanogaster	Smyd4-2	FBGN0036282
drosophila_melanogaster	CG18213	FBGN0038470
drosophila_melanogaster	SmydA-8	FBGN0053548
caenorhabditis_elegans	set-18	WBGENE00044070

Paralogs (5): SMYD1 (ENSG00000115593), SMYD5 (ENSG00000135632), SMYD2 (ENSG00000143499), SMYD3 (ENSG00000185420), SMYD4 (ENSG00000186532)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Zinc finger MYND domain-containing protein 15 — Q9H091 (reviewed: Q9H091)

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9H091

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Acts as a transcriptional repressor through interaction with histone deacetylases (HDACs). May be important for spermiogenesis.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC6 and, to a lesser extent, with HDAC7.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Cytoplasm.

Disease relevance. Spermatogenic failure 14 (SPGF14) [MIM:615842] A disorder resulting in the absence (azoospermia) or reduction (oligozoospermia) of sperm in the semen, leading to male infertility. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9H091-1	1	yes
Q9H091-2	2
Q9H091-3	3

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001129518, NP_001254751, NP_115641 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002893	Znf_MYND	Domain
IPR042989	ZMY15	Family
IPR046824	Mss51-like_C	Domain

Pfam: PF01753, PF20179

UniProt features (21 total): binding site 8, compositionally biased region 5, region of interest 3, splice variant 2, chain 1, zinc finger region 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9H091-F1	72.98	0.37

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (8): 313; 316; 328; 331; 337; 341; 355; 359

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 109 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD11B_DC_UP, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, CREBP1_Q2, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, CREB_Q4, IRF7_01, E4F1_Q6, GOBP_CELLULAR_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION_IN_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISM, ATF4_Q2, GOBP_DEVELOPMENTAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION, CREBP1CJUN_01, CREB_01, TGACGTCA_ATF3_Q6, GOMF_HISTONE_DEACETYLASE_BINDING, CREB_Q2

GO Biological Process (4): spermatid development (GO:0007286), negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0045892), spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), cell differentiation (GO:0030154)

GO Molecular Function (3): zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), histone deacetylase binding (GO:0042826), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (3): male germ cell nucleus (GO:0001673), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), nucleus (GO:0005634)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
germ cell development	1
spermatid differentiation	1
DNA-templated transcription	1
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	1
negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process	1
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
male gamete generation	1
cellular developmental process	1
transition metal ion binding	1
enzyme binding	1
cation binding	1
germ cell nucleus	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

975 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ZMYND15	TAF4B	Q92750	634
ZMYND15	TEX11	Q8IYF3	628
ZMYND15	TEX15	Q9BXT5	546
ZMYND15	TDRD9	Q8NDG6	539
ZMYND15	MEIOB	Q8N635	525
ZMYND15	SPEM1	Q8N4L4	520
ZMYND15	TNP1	P09430	507
ZMYND15	SYCE1	Q8N0S2	507
ZMYND15	HSF2	Q03933	478
ZMYND15	MAGEB4	O15481	475
ZMYND15	D6RI10	D6RI10	474
ZMYND15	DNAH6	Q9C0G6	419
ZMYND15	USP9Y	O00507	417
ZMYND15	MCM8	Q9UJA3	402
ZMYND15	CCDC144NL	Q6NUI1	401

IntAct

0 interactions, top by confidence:

BioGRID (1): ZMYND15 (Synthetic Lethality)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0U1RR11, A0A0U1RRI6, A2APT9, A6NCS6, A6NJG2, B0BN44, D3YXK1, E9PY61, E9Q0B3, O00220, O00221, P09038, P0DPI3, P22083, P98077, Q08AU9, Q29RM6, Q2M2W7, Q2M3V2, Q2TBI2, Q5F267, Q5FW56, Q5IS69, Q5R866, Q5T4W7, Q5TM52, Q5U4P2, Q5VTJ3, Q659K9, Q69ZB3, Q6AYE8, Q6PJ61, Q6PRD1, Q7TSX9, Q7YR31, Q80SU3, Q86SH2, Q86Y97, Q8NBR0, Q8NCU7

Diamond homologs: Q8C0R7, Q9H091

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

159 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	5
Likely pathogenic	5
Uncertain significance	111
Likely benign	16
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (10)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1244249	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.931C>T (p.Arg311Ter)	Pathogenic
135663	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.1520_1523del (p.Lys507fs)	Pathogenic
982304	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.1622_1636delinsCCAC (p.Leu541fs)	Pathogenic
982305	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.1209T>A (p.Tyr403Ter)	Pathogenic
988662	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.1650del (p.Glu551fs)	Pathogenic
3892922	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.170G>A (p.Trp57Ter)	Likely pathogenic
3892923	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.380_384del (p.Lys127fs)	Likely pathogenic
3892924	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.463_466del (p.Pro155fs)	Likely pathogenic
4845859	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.593-1G>A	Likely pathogenic
4845931	NM_001136046.3(ZMYND15):c.1018del (p.Ala340fs)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

2188 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
17:4741138:GTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4743301:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4743302:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4744103:GTCCT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744108:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744114:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744184:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4744186:CCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:4744187:CAGT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:4744188:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4744188:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:4744189:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4744189:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4744189:GTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4744189:GTCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4744189:GTCCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:4744274:TTTGG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744275:TTGG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744276:TGG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744277:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744277:GGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744277:GGGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
17:4744278:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744279:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
17:4744279:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744280:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
17:4744464:GAGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744466:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4744467:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:4745213:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4772 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
17:4743996:T:A	W462R	0.996
17:4743996:T:C	W462R	0.996
17:4744770:T:C	L610P	0.995
17:4744223:T:C	L510P	0.994
17:4744406:T:C	L541P	0.994
17:4744412:T:C	F543S	0.994
17:4743335:T:C	F393L	0.993
17:4743337:C:A	F393L	0.993
17:4743337:C:G	F393L	0.993
17:4743998:G:C	W462C	0.993
17:4743998:G:T	W462C	0.993
17:4744229:T:C	I512T	0.993
17:4744018:G:C	R469P	0.992
17:4744229:T:A	I512N	0.992
17:4744229:T:G	I512S	0.992
17:4745329:T:C	F671L	0.992
17:4745331:C:A	F671L	0.992
17:4745331:C:G	F671L	0.992
17:4742476:T:C	F377L	0.991
17:4742477:T:C	F377S	0.991
17:4742478:T:A	F377L	0.991
17:4742478:T:G	F377L	0.991
17:4743320:T:C	F388L	0.991
17:4743322:C:A	F388L	0.991
17:4743322:C:G	F388L	0.991
17:4743336:T:C	F393S	0.991
17:4741740:A:C	S251R	0.990
17:4741742:C:A	S251R	0.990
17:4741742:C:G	S251R	0.990
17:4743368:T:A	W404R	0.990

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000094385 (17:4738000 C>T), RS1000693154 (17:4739775 G>A,C), RS1000946404 (17:4745421 TA>T), RS1001300550 (17:4745089 C>A,G,T), RS1002086062 (17:4740818 A>G,T), RS1002103817 (17:4741029 C>G,T), RS1002276523 (17:4746530 C>A), RS1002312850 (17:4746335 G>A), RS1003050827 (17:4745720 CT>C), RS1003059649 (17:4742212 C>A,T), RS1003115937 (17:4739867 GGA>G), RS1003859044 (17:4741420 C>A,T), RS1003961520 (17:4742925 T>C), RS1004097532 (17:4743113 G>A,T), RS1004117828 (17:4738583 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:614312 | disease phenotypes: MIM:615842

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
spermatogenic failure 14	Strong	Autosomal recessive
male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutation	Supportive	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (3): spermatogenic failure 14 (MONDO:0014366), male infertility (MONDO:0005372), (MONDO:0018393)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

15 total (15 of 15 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000027	Azoospermia
HP:0000118	Phenotypic abnormality
HP:0000837	Increased circulating gonadotropin level
HP:0003251	Male infertility
HP:0008232	Elevated circulating follicle stimulating hormone level
HP:0008669	Abnormal spermatogenesis
HP:0008734	Decreased testicular size
HP:0011462	Young adult onset
HP:0011961	Non-obstructive azoospermia
HP:0011962	Obstructive azoospermia
HP:0030087	Abnormal circulating testosterone concentration
HP:0030345	Abnormal circulating luteinizing hormone concentration
HP:0031040	Round spermatid arrest
HP:0040086	Abnormal prolactin level

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D007248	Infertility, Male	C12.100.500.430; C12.100.750.700; C12.200.294.430

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

21 total (human), top 21 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases methylation, increases expression	2
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression	2
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
kojic acid	decreases expression	1
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	decreases expression	1
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	decreases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	increases methylation	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
licochalcone B	increases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	decreases expression	1
Methapyrilene	increases methylation	1
Ozone	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Cyclosporine	decreases methylation	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Palmitic Acid	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1
Particulate Matter	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

125 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02202382	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Male Infertility
NCT02204826	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Semen Parameters in Male Infertility Patients: a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Study
NCT03802864	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Post-operative Pain Control of Testicular Sperm Extraction Using Liposomal Bupivacaine
NCT06100432	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia (DLBS5055) and Multivitamins (Vitamin C+Vitamin E+ β-carotene) for Infertile Males
NCT07523022	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Comparison of the Effect of Gonadotropin and Clomiphene Citrate Treatment on Sperm Parameters and the Outcome of Assisted Reproductive Procedures in Subfertile Men Based on the APHRODITE Groups
NCT00975117	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Spermotrend in the Treatment of Male Infertility
NCT01407432	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Impact of Folates in the Care of the Male Infertility
NCT01895816	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Herbal Tonic Fertile Supplement(ZO2C5)
NCT02605070	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Pilot Study on the Effects of FSH Treatment on the Epigenetic Characteristics of Spermatozoa in Infertile Patients With Severe Oligozoospermia
NCT07402759	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Impact of tdrd9 Gene Mutations in the Therapeutic Response to L-carnitine in Oligoasthenozoospermic Men
NCT01880086	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Clomiphene Citrate for the Treatment of Low Testosterone Associated With Chronic Opioid Pain Medication Administration
NCT02061384	PHASE2	COMPLETED	RA-2 13-cis Retinoic Acid (Isotretinoin)
NCT02421887	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility Trial
NCT05200663	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Efficacy Comparison of Tamoxifen and Tamoxifen With Antioxidants on Semen Quality of Male With Idiopathic Infertility
NCT05290558	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	The Therapeutic Effects of Bu Shen Yi Jing Pill on Semen Quality in Sub Fertile Males: a Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT06091969	PHASE2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Supplementation for Male Subfertility
NCT01595308	PHASE1	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Semen Parameters in Healthy Male Volunteers
NCT02122211	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Choline Dehydrogenase and Sperm Function: Effects of Betaine
NCT02575924	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Influence of Culture Media on Clinical Outcomes in Poor Responders or Severe Male Infertility
NCT01304927	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Vitamin D Supplementation and Male Infertility: The CBG-study a Randomized Clinical Trial
NCT02349945	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	FSH Receptor Polymorphism p.N680S and Efficacy of FSH Therapy
NCT05222841	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	The Effectiveness of Spermotrend Food Supplement in the Treatment of Male Infertility
NCT05616598	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of New Oral Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus on Seminal Parameters
NCT02025270	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	MSCs For Treatment of Azoospermic Patients
NCT04541459	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Validation of New Devices Against Ambient Electromagnetic Radiation
NCT05792813	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Efficacy and Safety of Linggui Yangyuan Paste in Patients With Male Infertility
NCT06188936	EARLY_PHASE1	COMPLETED	Home Semen Analysis Tests As a Screening Tool for Fertility Patients
NCT00012480	Not specified	COMPLETED	Effect of Environmental Exposures on the Egg Fertilizing Ability of Human Sperm
NCT00044369	Not specified	COMPLETED	Role of the Toxic Metal Cadmium in the Mechanism Producing Infertility With a Varicocele
NCT00119925	Not specified	UNKNOWN	‘SPRING’-Study: Subfertility Guidelines: Patient Related Implementation in the Netherlands Among Gynaecologists
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