ZNF831

Summary

ZNF831 (zinc finger protein 831, HGNC:16167) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 20q13.32, encoding Zinc finger protein 831 (Q5JPB2).

Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity.

Source: NCBI Gene 128611 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 38
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 271 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_178457

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:16167
Approved symbol	ZNF831
Name	zinc finger protein 831
Location	20q13.32
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	dJ492J12.1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000124203
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
Entrez	128611

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 2 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000371030, ENST00000610729, ENST00000637017

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_178457 NM_001384354, NM_178457

CCDS: CCDS42894

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000371030 — 6 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001288450	59252978	59253138
ENSE00001288458	59206905	59207056
ENSE00001288465	59195869	59196005
ENSE00001454157	59253898	59259113
ENSE00003792778	59190984	59194757
ENSE00003918153	59163821	59164207

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 113 present calls, max score 78.89.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 2.2922 / max 193.6633, expressed in 131 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
185608	1.9067	118
185601	0.1425	48
185610	0.0900	49
185609	0.0812	43
185602	0.0719	36

Top tissues by expression

216 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	78.89	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	74.65	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	71.45	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	70.71	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	68.48	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	66.56	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	64.23	silver quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	63.47	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	63.08	silver quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	62.37	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	62.22	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	58.12	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	58.07	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	57.72	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	56.79	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	56.29	silver quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	55.60	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	54.28	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	53.12	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	53.04	silver quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	52.94	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	52.74	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	52.74	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	52.46	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	52.15	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	51.80	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	51.73	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	51.59	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	51.40	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	51.03	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	7.42

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

JASPAR motifs

Motif	Name	Family
MA2534.1	ZNF831	Factors with multiple dispersed zinc fingers

JASPAR matrix evidence (PMIDs): PMID:39605320

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

161 targeting ZNF831, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-4668-3P	100.00	68.74	2635
HSA-MIR-4533	100.00	69.48	2758
HSA-MIR-1252-5P	100.00	69.80	2774
HSA-MIR-4673	100.00	66.64	1490
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-4531	99.99	69.70	3181
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-19A-3P	99.98	75.33	2762
HSA-MIR-19B-3P	99.98	75.44	2754
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-4645-5P	99.98	65.81	1284
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-2110	99.96	66.68	1930
HSA-MIR-4725-3P	99.96	69.53	2520

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	znf831	ENSDARG00000074906
mus_musculus	Zfp831	ENSMUSG00000050600
rattus_norvegicus	Zfp831	ENSRNOG00000024693

Paralogs (14): HIVEP2 (ENSG00000010818), HIVEP1 (ENSG00000095951), SALL4 (ENSG00000101115), ZNF516 (ENSG00000101493), SALL1 (ENSG00000103449), BCL11A (ENSG00000119866), RREB1 (ENSG00000124782), HIVEP3 (ENSG00000127124), BCL11B (ENSG00000127152), ZNF219 (ENSG00000165804), SALL2 (ENSG00000165821), ZNF217 (ENSG00000171940), ZNF536 (ENSG00000198597), SALL3 (ENSG00000256463)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Zinc finger protein 831 — Q5JPB2 (reviewed: Q5JPB2)

All UniProt accessions (1): Q5JPB2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001371283, NP_848552* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR013087	Znf_C2H2_type	Domain
IPR036236	Znf_C2H2_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00096

UniProt features (31 total): compositionally biased region 13, region of interest 11, sequence variant 3, zinc finger region 2, chain 1, coiled-coil region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8FUF	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.69

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q5JPB2-F1	37.92	0.04

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 57 (showing top): GOZGIT_ESR1_TARGETS_UP, NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_20Q12_Q13_AMPLICON, KUMAR_PATHOGEN_LOAD_BY_MACROPHAGES, KUMAR_AUTOPHAGY_NETWORK, ZWANG_TRANSIENTLY_UP_BY_2ND_EGF_PULSE_ONLY, MAML1_TARGET_GENES, MIR340_5P, MIR4328, MIR19A_3P, MIR19B_3P, MIR4719, MIR142_5P, MIR3119, MIR218_5P, MIR1323

GO Biological Process (0):

GO Molecular Function (2): zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (0):

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
transition metal ion binding	1
cation binding	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1134 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ZNF831	PRELID3B	Q9Y3B1	543
ZNF831	JAKMIP2	Q96AA8	490
ZNF831	ZNF687	Q8N1G0	453
ZNF831	PLBD1	Q6P4A8	451
ZNF831	ARHGAP9	Q9BRR9	443
ZNF831	GRAP2	O75791	441
ZNF831	ANKRD22	Q5VYY1	436
ZNF831	OR5M11	Q96RB7	429
ZNF831	MAP4K5	Q9Y4K4	411
ZNF831	NEIL3	Q8TAT5	403
ZNF831	BLK	P51451	398
ZNF831	RBM10	P98175	398
ZNF831	SPTA1	P02549	394
ZNF831	CABCOCO1	Q8IVU9	391
ZNF831	IL2RG	P31785	388

IntAct

117 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
HTRA1	ZNF831	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	PARD3	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	HTRA4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	PATJ	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	LNX2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	GORASP2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	GORASP1	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	WHRN	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	MAST2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	ARHGEF11	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
RADIL	ZNF831	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	HTRA3	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	DLG3	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
APBA3	ZNF831	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	MAST1	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	FRMPD2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	GIPC2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	PTPN13	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	MPP2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	PDZRN4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	PDZD7	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	ARHGAP21	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	DLG4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	SNTA1	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	MPDZ	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	NHERF4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	MAGI3	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	PALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZNF831	TAX1BP3	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440

BioGRID (7): ZNF831 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF831 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF831 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF831 (Affinity Capture-RNA), ZNF831 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), ZNF831 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF831 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0U1RRK4, A0A1W2PPE3, A0A1W2PR82, A0A2Z4LIS9, A2VE02, A4D1S0, A5PKC7, A5PL33, A6H7B4, A6NEL2, A6QP24, A6QPM6, A8MTW9, A8MYA2, D3ZAQ5, D4AAA5, E7EW31, O75474, O75638, O89113, O94850, P0C7X2, P14652, P50617, P70339, Q2KIS6, Q3UN58, Q5JPB2, Q5VZ46, Q6GQX2, Q6NZ36, Q6ZSJ8, Q6ZW13, Q76NI1, Q7TNS8, Q80TS7, Q86UU5, Q8IWN7, Q8N6K4, Q8N944

Diamond homologs: A1L2U9, A2A884, A2ANX9, A7Y7X5, B0X9H6, B0YDH7, B1WAZ8, B1WBU4, O35615, O62836, O77459, P08048, P10925, P15822, P17010, P17012, P20662, P31505, P31629, P60319, P78871, P80944, Q00900, Q01611, Q02031, Q03172, Q0IH98, Q0VCJ6, Q292R5, Q29419, Q3UHF7, Q52V16, Q5JPB2, Q5T1R4, Q6B4Z5, Q7JM44, Q811F1, Q86UZ6, Q8BID6, Q8CII0

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 76 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Ras activation upon Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptor	5	57.1×	1e-06
Unblocking of NMDA receptors, glutamate binding and activation	5	54.4×	1e-06
Negative regulation of NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal transmission	5	54.4×	1e-06
Long-term potentiation	5	47.6×	2e-06
Assembly and cell surface presentation of NMDA receptors	9	45.7×	2e-11
Neurexins and neuroligins	10	39.4×	9e-12
Protein-protein interactions at synapses	6	31.9×	1e-06
Neuronal System	6	5.3×	1e-02

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity	10	80.7×	1e-14
protein localization to synapse	6	63.8×	4e-08
receptor clustering	7	60.7×	4e-09
regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels	7	48.2×	2e-08
protein-containing complex assembly	9	14.2×	1e-06
cell-cell adhesion	10	14.1×	2e-07
protein localization to plasma membrane	5	7.5×	9e-03
chemical synaptic transmission	7	7.5×	1e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

271 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	222
Likely benign	24
Benign	11

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1341 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
20:59195867:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
20:59195868:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
20:59207052:AGCAG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
20:59207053:GCAGG:G	donor_loss	0.9900
20:59207054:CAGG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
20:59207055:AGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
20:59207056:GGTAA:G	donor_loss	0.9900
20:59207057:G:T	donor_loss	0.9900
20:59207058:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
20:59253053:A:T	donor_gain	0.9800
20:59253115:G:T	donor_gain	0.9800
20:59192834:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9700
20:59192958:G:T	donor_gain	0.9700
20:59194606:C:CA	acceptor_gain	0.9700
20:59253886:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9700
20:59206899:CTACA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59206900:TACAG:T	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59206902:CAGGT:C	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59206903:AGG:A	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59206904:G:GA	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59212389:C:G	donor_gain	0.9600
20:59252972:TTGCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59252973:TGCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59252974:GCAGG:G	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59252975:CAGGT:C	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59252976:A:AC	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59252977:G:A	acceptor_loss	0.9600
20:59253052:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9600
20:59192925:A:T	donor_gain	0.9500
20:59207053:GCAG:G	donor_gain	0.9500

AlphaMissense

10726 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
20:59191455:T:C	C146R	0.999
20:59191560:T:C	F181L	0.999
20:59191561:T:C	F181S	0.999
20:59191562:T:A	F181L	0.999
20:59191562:T:G	F181L	0.999
20:59191565:G:C	K182N	0.999
20:59191565:G:T	K182N	0.999
20:59191584:A:G	K189E	0.999
20:59191586:G:C	K189N	0.999
20:59191586:G:T	K189N	0.999
20:59191503:C:G	H162D	0.998
20:59191505:C:A	H162Q	0.998
20:59191505:C:G	H162Q	0.998
20:59191510:G:C	R164P	0.998
20:59191515:C:G	H166D	0.998
20:59191517:C:A	H166Q	0.998
20:59191517:C:G	H166Q	0.998
20:59191539:T:C	C174R	0.998
20:59191563:A:G	K182E	0.998
20:59191577:T:A	N186K	0.998
20:59191577:T:G	N186K	0.998
20:59191587:C:G	H190D	0.998
20:59191533:T:C	F172L	0.997
20:59191535:C:A	F172L	0.997
20:59191535:C:G	F172L	0.997
20:59191560:T:A	F181I	0.997
20:59191572:A:C	S185R	0.997
20:59191574:C:A	S185R	0.997
20:59191574:C:G	S185R	0.997
20:59191579:T:C	L187P	0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000004268 (20:59167610 A>C), RS1000030774 (20:59142514 G>A), RS1000043647 (20:59124341 C>A), RS1000083124 (20:59186341 G>A,C,T), RS1000105347 (20:59124174 C>A), RS1000123041 (20:59227871 A>C,G), RS1000144065 (20:59222914 G>A), RS1000177126 (20:59228176 A>G), RS1000301936 (20:59141193 C>A), RS1000307847 (20:59222423 T>C), RS1000322274 (20:59181327 G>A,C), RS1000362087 (20:59228259 T>G), RS1000383916 (20:59222326 C>G), RS1000388951 (20:59129792 G>A), RS1000412332 (20:59135722 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene `` | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

38 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000398_3	Hypertension	2.000000e-07
GCST000514_10	Response to antipsychotic therapy (extrapyramidal side effects)	7.000000e-06
GCST001725_67	Inflammatory bowel disease	1.000000e-12
GCST003025_10	Attention function in attention deficit hyperactive disorder	3.000000e-06
GCST004131_56	Inflammatory bowel disease	3.000000e-09
GCST004132_76	Crohn’s disease	4.000000e-07
GCST004616_169	Platelet distribution width	1.000000e-09
GCST005537_57	Chronic inflammatory diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis) (pleiotropy)	4.000000e-12
GCST006166_111	Diastolic blood pressure x alcohol consumption interaction (2df test)	6.000000e-34
GCST006166_73	Diastolic blood pressure x alcohol consumption interaction (2df test)	2.000000e-26
GCST006167_23	Mean arterial pressure x alcohol consumption interaction (2df test)	4.000000e-15
GCST006167_82	Mean arterial pressure x alcohol consumption interaction (2df test)	4.000000e-12
GCST006169_29	Diastolic blood pressure x alcohol consumption (light vs heavy) interaction (2df test)	4.000000e-11
GCST006172_15	Mean arterial pressure x alcohol consumption (light vs heavy) interaction (2df test)	8.000000e-10
GCST006187_45	Diastolic blood pressure (cigarette smoking interaction)	7.000000e-37
GCST006188_15	Systolic blood pressure (cigarette smoking interaction)	3.000000e-22
GCST006231_6	Mean arterial pressure	1.000000e-17
GCST006434_19	Systolic blood pressure x alcohol consumption interaction (2df test)	6.000000e-21
GCST006434_93	Systolic blood pressure x alcohol consumption interaction (2df test)	4.000000e-19
GCST006988_35	Blond vs. brown/black hair color	4.000000e-13
GCST006989_56	Brown vs. black hair color	2.000000e-12
GCST007094_231	Diastolic blood pressure	3.000000e-27
GCST007095_85	Systolic blood pressure	9.000000e-06
GCST007096_229	Pulse pressure	8.000000e-06
GCST007099_188	Systolic blood pressure	7.000000e-20
GCST007267_159	Systolic blood pressure	2.000000e-15
GCST007927_9	Medication use (beta blocking agents)	1.000000e-12
GCST007928_49	Medication use (diuretics)	1.000000e-16
GCST007929_69	Medication use (calcium channel blockers)	8.000000e-12
GCST007930_63	Medication use (agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system)	4.000000e-28

EFO canonical traits (17, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007636	attention function measurement
EFO:0007984	platelet component distribution width
EFO:0004329	alcohol drinking
EFO:0006336	diastolic blood pressure
EFO:0006340	mean arterial pressure
EFO:0006527	smoking status measurement
EFO:0006335	systolic blood pressure
EFO:0003924	hair color
EFO:0005763	pulse pressure measurement
EFO:0009929	Beta blocking agent use measurement
EFO:0009928	Diuretic use measurement
EFO:0009930	Calcium channel blocker use measurement
EFO:0009931	Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system use measurement
EFO:0005665	white matter hyperintensity measurement
EFO:0004587	lymphocyte count
EFO:0007993	lymphocyte percentage of leukocytes
EFO:0007990	neutrophil percentage of leukocytes

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

20 total (human), top 20 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases methylation	2
Cadmium	increases abundance, decreases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
sulforaphane	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	increases methylation	1
aflatoxin B2	increases methylation	1
licochalcone B	decreases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Succimer	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Methapyrilene	increases methylation	1
Nickel	increases expression	1
Phthalic Acids	decreases methylation	1
Quercetin	decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1
Cyclosporine	decreases methylation	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Magnetite Nanoparticles	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.