ZP2

Summary

ZP2 (zona pellucida glycoprotein 2, HGNC:13188) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16p12.3-p12.2, encoding Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 (Q05996). Component of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding oocytes which mediates sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and prevents post-fertilization polyspermy.

The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed of three glycoproteins with various functions during fertilization and preimplantation development. The glycosylated mature peptide is one of the structural components of the zona pellucida and functions in secondary binding and penetration of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. Female mice lacking this gene do not form a stable zona matrix and are sterile. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 7783 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): oocyte maturation defect 6 (Definitive, GenCC) — +2 more curated relationships
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 165 total — 6 pathogenic, 3 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 3
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001376232

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:13188
Approved symbol	ZP2
Name	zona pellucida glycoprotein 2
Location	16p12.3-p12.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	ZPA
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000103310
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	182888
Entrez	7783

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 3 retained_intron, 2 protein_coding

ENST00000572752, ENST00000573114, ENST00000574002, ENST00000574091, ENST00000576162

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_001376232 NM_001376231, NM_001376232, NM_001376233, NM_003460

CCDS: CCDS10596

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000574091 — 19 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000676586	21197766	21197849
ENSE00000676587	21198779	21198862
ENSE00000676588	21199570	21199666
ENSE00000676589	21199743	21199878
ENSE00000676590	21201369	21201558
ENSE00000676591	21201706	21201830
ENSE00000676592	21201932	21202023
ENSE00000676595	21202104	21202291
ENSE00000676597	21203125	21203251
ENSE00000676598	21204030	21204211
ENSE00001141177	21211486	21211574
ENSE00003481633	21209631	21209725
ENSE00003499023	21204308	21204404
ENSE00003511657	21205420	21205584
ENSE00003535369	21210109	21210192
ENSE00003560443	21205731	21205775
ENSE00003599946	21211307	21211395
ENSE00003608181	21206838	21206990
ENSE00003733159	21197450	21197622

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 63 present calls, max score 91.43.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0981 / max 53.8047, expressed in 12 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
156716	0.0829	11
156715	0.0152	4

Top tissues by expression

104 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	91.43	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	91.38	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	91.23	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	89.84	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	82.01	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	59.52	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	48.96	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	46.70	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	45.81	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	44.57	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	44.49	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	43.41	silver quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	40.35	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	40.28	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	39.75	silver quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	39.64	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	39.45	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	38.45	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	37.77	silver quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	37.56	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	37.50	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	37.25	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	36.88	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	36.79	silver quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	36.74	gold quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	36.63	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	36.52	silver quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	36.48	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	36.36	silver quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	36.08	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.17

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): FIGLA, TCF3

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 17)

• Of all zona pellucida (ZP) proteins, recombinant human ZPA demonstrates the highest binding activity toward acrosin (PMID:15950651)
• Exposure of sperm to ZP proteins promoted acrosomal exocytosis and changed motility patterns. (PMID:16407501)
• ZP proteins were detected in both the oocyte and the granulosa cells as early as the primordial follicle stage in the human. The detection of ZP proteins in the quiescent primordial follicle suggests that these proteins have been present since oogenesis. (PMID:18033806)
• observed sequence variations in exons of ZP2 gene in women with infertility of unknown origin who exhibit abnormal zona pellucida; sperm-ovum interactions appear relatively normal in these patients [CASE REPORTS] (PMID:22889493)
• Studies indicate that eggs from mice lacking an ortholog of ZP2 do not contain a zona pellucida (ZP), and the mice are completely infertile due to a severely reduced number of ovulated eggs in their oviducts. (PMID:23417405)
• ZP2(51-149) sperm-binding domain is necessary for human gamete recognition and penetration through the zona pellucida. (PMID:24934154)
• Mutations in ZP2 and ZP3 have dosage effects which can cause female infertility in humans. (PMID:28646452)
• We identified loss-of-function pathogenic variants of ZP2 causing a structurally abnormal and dysfunctional zona pellucida, resulting in fertilization failure and female infertility (PMID:29895852)
• Mutations in ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3 might affect the corresponding protein expression, secretion, and interaction, thus providing a mechanistic explanation for the phenotypes for female infertility. (PMID:30810869)
• Zona Pellucida Proteins, Fibrils, and Matrix. (PMID:32569527)
• Novel mutations in ZP1 and ZP2 cause primary infertility due to empty follicle syndrome and abnormal zona pellucida. (PMID:32829425)
• A novel homozygous variant in ZP2 causes abnormal zona pellucida formation and female infertility. (PMID:33604805)
• Identification of a heterozygous variant of ZP2 as a novel cause of empty follicle syndrome in humans and mice. (PMID:35211729)
• Novel mutations in ZP2 and ZP3 cause female infertility in three patients. (PMID:35366744)
• Novel Heterozygous Mutations in ZP2 Cause Abnormal Zona Pellucida and Female Infertility. (PMID:35595959)
• Novel variants in ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 associated with empty follicle syndrome and abnormal zona pellucida. (PMID:36931917)
• ZP2 cleavage blocks polyspermy by modulating the architecture of the egg coat. (PMID:38490181)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	zpax4	ENSDARG00000079034
mus_musculus	Zp2	ENSMUSG00000030911
rattus_norvegicus	Zp2	ENSRNOG00000057989

Paralogs (4): ZP4 (ENSG00000116996), QRICH2 (ENSG00000129646), ZP1 (ENSG00000149506), C16orf96 (ENSG00000205832)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 — Q05996 (reviewed: Q05996)

Alternative names: Zona pellucida glycoprotein 2, Zona pellucida protein A

All UniProt accessions (1): Q05996

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Component of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding oocytes which mediates sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and prevents post-fertilization polyspermy. The zona pellucida is composed of 3 to 4 glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4. ZP2 may act as a secondary sperm receptor.

Subunit / interactions. Can form homopolymers that assemble into long fibers (in vitro). Polymers of ZP2 and ZP3 organized into long filaments cross-linked by ZP1 homodimers. Interacts with ZP3.

Subcellular location. Zona pellucida Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in occytes(at protein level).

Post-translational modifications. Proteolytically cleaved before the transmembrane segment to yield the secreted ectodomain incorporated in the zona pellucida. Proteolytically cleaved in the N-terminal part by the metalloendopeptidase ASTL exocytosed from cortical granules after fertilization, yielding a N-terminal peptide of about 30 kDa which remains covalently attached to the C-terminal peptide via disulfide bond(s). This cleavage may play an important role in the post-fertilization block to polyspermy. Additional proteolytically cleavage of the N-terminal peptide of 30 kDa occurs in one-cell and two-cell embryos. N-glycosylated. O-glycosylated; contains sulfate-substituted glycans.

Disease relevance. Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 6 (OZEMA6) [MIM:618353] An autosomal recessive infertility disorder characterized by oocyte fertilization failure, due to defective sperm-binding to an abnormally thin zona pellucida in patient oocytes. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Domain organisation. The ZP domain is involved in the polymerization of the ZP proteins to form the zona pellucida.

Similarity. Belongs to the ZP domain family. ZPA subfamily.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q05996-1	1	yes
Q05996-2	2

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001363160, NP_001363161, NP_001363162, NP_003451 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001507	ZP_dom	Domain
IPR017977	ZP_dom_CS	Conserved_site
IPR042235	ZP-C_dom	Homologous_superfamily
IPR048290	ZP_chr	Domain
IPR051148	Zona_Pellucida_Domain_gp	Family
IPR055355	ZP-C	Domain
IPR055356	ZP-N	Domain
IPR057636	Ig_ZP2_3rd	Domain
IPR057637	Ig_ZP2_1st	Domain
IPR057638	Ig_ZP2_2nd	Domain

Pfam: PF00100, PF23344, PF23736, PF23738, PF23740

UniProt features (46 total): strand 17, disulfide bond 7, glycosylation site 3, helix 3, chain 2, site 2, turn 2, topological domain 2, region of interest 2, signal peptide 1, splice variant 1, sequence variant 1, propeptide 1, transmembrane region 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8RKE	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.7
8RKF	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.2

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q05996-F1	72.52	0.23

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (2): 172–173 (cleavage; by astl); 640–641 (cleavage)

Disulfide bonds (7): 55–138, 88–106, 372–465, 403–424, 545–615, 566–634, 620–630

Glycosylation sites (3): 105, 122, 462

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2534343	Interaction With Cumulus Cells And The Zona Pellucida
R-HSA-9820841	M-decay: degradation of maternal mRNAs by maternally stored factors

MSigDB gene sets: 115 (showing top): GOBP_SINGLE_FERTILIZATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_REPRODUCTIVE_PROCESS, MORF_BRCA1, MORF_RAD51L3, GOMF_EXTRACELLULAR_MATRIX_STRUCTURAL_CONSTITUENT, GOBP_SPERM_EGG_RECOGNITION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_REPRODUCTIVE_PROCESS, MODULE_157, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ACROSOME_REACTION, GOBP_ACROSOME_REACTION, GOBP_FERTILIZATION, GOBP_CELL_CELL_RECOGNITION, MORF_BCL2L11, MORF_MT4, MORF_PPP2R5B

GO Biological Process (3): binding of sperm to zona pellucida (GO:0007339), prevention of polyspermy (GO:0060468), single fertilization (GO:0007338)

GO Molecular Function (5): coreceptor activity (GO:0015026), acrosin binding (GO:0032190), structural constituent of egg coat (GO:0035804), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (7): extracellular region (GO:0005576), multivesicular body (GO:0005771), endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), extracellular matrix (GO:0031012), egg coat (GO:0035805), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Fertilization	1
Maternal to zygotic transition (MZT)	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
sperm-egg recognition	1
egg activation	1
negative regulation of fertilization	1
fertilization	1
signaling receptor activity	1
enzyme binding	1
extracellular matrix structural constituent	1
egg coat	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
late endosome	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
external encapsulating structure	1
specialized extracellular matrix	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1390 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ZP2	ZP3	P21754	990
ZP2	ZP4	Q12836	987
ZP2	ZP1	P60852	986
ZP2	LMBR1	Q8WVP7	958
ZP2	SHH	Q15465	896
ZP2	ACR	P10323	796
ZP2	ASTL	Q6HA08	780
ZP2	GDF9	O60383	752
ZP2	PLGLB1	Q02325	742
ZP2	FGF8	P55075	741
ZP2	GLI3	P10071	732
ZP2	FIGLA	Q6QHK4	720
ZP2	FGF4	P08620	692
ZP2	ALX4	Q9H161	689
ZP2	GREM1	O60565	645

IntAct

28 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ZP2	ZP2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.600
ZP2	VDAC2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.520
ZP3	ZP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.500
ZP2	ACR	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
SRC	ZP2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP2	PLCG1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP2	PKM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP2	ENO1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP2	GAPDHS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP2	GPX4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP1	ZP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ZP2	ZP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ZP3	ZP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ZP2	RHOBTB3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
EXT1	ZP2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (8): UBR3 (Affinity Capture-MS), INTS7 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), FAR2 (Affinity Capture-MS), HPCAL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), RHOBTB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZP2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZP2 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0A6YXX9, A0A1Z2R986, A0A2R8Y4Y8, A0A2R8YFL7, A0A2R8YFM6, A0A8J1K1A4, A6MFL5, A6MFL6, A6MFL7, A6NHS7, A8MZH6, F8RKW5, G5E8D7, O54767, O77726, O88393, P17219, P20239, P26342, P34128, P35054, P42099, P47983, P47984, P70041, Q03167, Q05996, Q07G34, Q14CH0, Q1W7Q6, Q2Q0J1, Q3HXY1, Q3HXY2, Q3HXY3, Q3HXY4, Q3HXY5, Q3HXY6, Q3HXY8, Q3HXZ1, Q4FZG8

Diamond homologs: I6M4H4, O54766, O54767, O77726, P20239, P42099, P47983, P47984, P48829, P48834, P60852, Q00193, Q05996, Q07287, Q12836, Q62005, Q8CH34, Q9BH10, Q9BH11, Q5DID3, Q96PL2, P54097, O08524, P19218, Q5DID0, Q9D733

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

165 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	6
Likely pathogenic	3
Uncertain significance	121
Likely benign	23
Benign	7

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (9)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
3892945	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.860_861del (p.Val287fs)	Pathogenic
4277687	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.1928-1G>A	Pathogenic
4278466	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.330+1G>A	Pathogenic
619596	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.1695-2A>G	Pathogenic
619597	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.1691_1694dup (p.Cys566fs)	Pathogenic
689402	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.1115G>C (p.Cys372Ser)	Pathogenic
1803728	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.151+1G>A	Likely pathogenic
4796613	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.1634G>A (p.Cys545Tyr)	Likely pathogenic
4849460	NM_001376232.1(ZP2):c.357_358del (p.Arg119fs)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

2704 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:21197621:ACC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:21197624:T:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:21199737:ACTT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21199738:CTT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21199739:TTACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21199740:TACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21199741:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21199742:C:CA	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21199874:CACAG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21199877:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21199877:AGCTA:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:21199879:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21199879:CT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:21199888:A:AC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21199894:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21201364:CCTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21201365:CTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21201367:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
16:21201367:A:AG	donor_loss	1.0000
16:21201367:AC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
16:21201368:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
16:21201368:CC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
16:21201368:CCCAT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
16:21201554:ATTAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21201555:TTAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21201556:TAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21201557:AT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:21201558:TC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:21201559:C:CA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:21201559:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4856 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:21201425:C:A	W546C	0.986
16:21201425:C:G	W546C	0.986
16:21199779:A:C	F598L	0.980
16:21199779:A:T	F598L	0.980
16:21199781:A:G	F598L	0.980
16:21201424:C:G	A547P	0.980
16:21202276:C:G	C372S	0.980
16:21202277:A:T	C372S	0.980
16:21201429:C:G	C545S	0.979
16:21201430:A:T	C545S	0.979
16:21201386:C:A	W559C	0.976
16:21201386:C:G	W559C	0.976
16:21202141:A:G	F417S	0.975
16:21201430:A:G	C545R	0.973
16:21202120:C:G	C424S	0.973
16:21202121:A:T	C424S	0.973
16:21204317:A:G	C261R	0.971
16:21201428:G:C	C545W	0.970
16:21201429:C:T	C545Y	0.969
16:21202002:A:C	Y437D	0.969
16:21205563:A:G	W184R	0.968
16:21205563:A:T	W184R	0.968
16:21202140:G:C	F417L	0.967
16:21202140:G:T	F417L	0.967
16:21202142:A:G	F417L	0.967
16:21199653:C:G	C615S	0.966
16:21199654:A:T	C615S	0.966
16:21202141:A:C	F417C	0.966
16:21199652:G:C	C615W	0.965
16:21199795:A:G	F593S	0.964

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000253199 (16:21202817 TACTTAA>T), RS1000321457 (16:21197766 C>T), RS1000549578 (16:21208394 G>A), RS1001368370 (16:21201207 A>AC), RS1001461454 (16:21207758 A>G), RS1001524201 (16:21202696 G>T), RS1001578445 (16:21197578 A>T), RS1001656763 (16:21202973 C>A,T), RS1002086273 (16:21196996 G>A), RS1002216933 (16:21211929 A>C,T), RS1002424478 (16:21207227 A>G), RS1002842386 (16:21215989 T>G), RS1002986829 (16:21216490 G>C), RS1003162948 (16:21206050 T>C,G), RS1003206443 (16:21205339 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:182888 | disease phenotypes: MIM:618353, MIM:612164

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
oocyte maturation defect 6	Definitive	Autosomal recessive
inherited oocyte maturation defect	Moderate	Autosomal dominant
female infertility due to zona pellucida defect	Supportive	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (4): oocyte maturation defect 6 (MONDO:0032696), developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 4 (MONDO:0012812), inherited oocyte maturation defect (MONDO:0014769), female infertility due to zona pellucida defect (MONDO:0014342)

Orphanet (3): Early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (Orphanet:1934), Dravet syndrome (Orphanet:33069), STXBP1-related encephalopathy (Orphanet:599373)

HPO phenotypes

3 total (3 of 3 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0008222	Female infertility
HP:0020157	Thin zona pellucida

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003226_4	Pelvic organ prolapse	4.000000e-07

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C567404	Epileptic Encephalopathy, Early Infantile, 4 (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

9 total (human), top 9 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
pirinixic acid	affects binding, increases activity, increases expression	1
kojic acid	decreases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
theaflavin-3,3’-digallate	affects expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Arbutin	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Copper	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.