ZP4

Summary

ZP4 (zona pellucida glycoprotein 4, HGNC:15770) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q43, encoding Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 4 (Q12836). Component of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding oocytes which mediates sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and prevents post-fertilization polyspermy.

The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed primarily of three or four glycoproteins with various functions during fertilization and preimplantation development. The nascent protein contains a N-terminal signal peptide sequence, a conserved ZP domain, a consensus furin cleavage site, and a C-terminal transmembrane domain. It is hypothesized that furin cleavage results in release of the mature protein from the plasma membrane for subsequent incorporation into the zona pellucida matrix. However, the requirement for furin cleavage in this process remains controversial based on mouse studies. Previously, this gene has been referred to as ZP1 or ZPB and thought to have similar functions as mouse Zp1. However, a human gene with higher similarity and chromosomal synteny to mouse Zp1 has been assigned the symbol ZP1 and this gene has been assigned the symbol ZP4.

Source: NCBI Gene 57829 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): schizophrenia (No Known Disease Relationship, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 8
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 102 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_021186

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:15770
Approved symbol	ZP4
Name	zona pellucida glycoprotein 4
Location	1q43
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	ZPB, ZPB2, ZP1B
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000116996
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	613514
Entrez	57829

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000366570, ENST00000611898

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_021186 NM_021186

CCDS: CCDS1615

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000366570 — 12 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000793657	237890055	237890176
ENSE00000793658	237889867	237889969
ENSE00000793659	237888358	237888510
ENSE00000793660	237887374	237887561
ENSE00000793661	237886771	237886868
ENSE00000793662	237885756	237885886
ENSE00000793663	237885391	237885580
ENSE00000793664	237885165	237885315
ENSE00000805426	237882742	237882846
ENSE00000805427	237884769	237884847
ENSE00001442058	237882404	237882549
ENSE00003733451	237890461	237890922

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 18 present calls, max score 98.96.

Top tissues by expression

242 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	98.96	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	97.90	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	83.09	silver quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	80.23	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	76.05	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	74.01	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	62.23	silver quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	54.88	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	54.23	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	53.93	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	53.52	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	53.24	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	52.43	silver quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	50.48	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	48.44	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	47.03	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	45.40	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	43.55	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	43.53	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	43.37	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	41.85	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	41.33	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	41.10	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	40.98	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	40.69	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	40.59	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	40.57	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	40.45	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	40.43	gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	40.33	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-36552	yes	163.58
E-ANND-3	yes	3.78

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

• ZPB induces acrosomal exocytosis through a Gi independent pathway. (PMID:15805145)
• Binding sites for recombinant zona pellucida B (ZPB) glycoprotein are located both at the N- and C-terminus of proacrosin (PMID:15950651)
• Exposure of sperm to ZP proteins promoted acrosomal exocytosis and changed motility patterns. (PMID:16407501)
• induces acrosome reactions which are protein kinase-C, protein tyrosine kinase, T-type Ca2+ channels, and extracellular Ca2+ dependent (PMID:18667750)
• a significant decrease in acrosomal exocytosis mediated by both recombinant human ZP3 (p<0.005) and ZP4 (p<0.005) was observed in presence of the immune sera (PMID:19004505)
• Human ZP4 is not sufficient to support human sperm binding to the zona pellucida in transgenic mice; other zona proteins may be needed for human gamete recognition. (PMID:21173071)
• ZO4 is highly expressed in ovarian tissue in PCOS patients with regular cycle and without hyperandrogenism; in some patients with PCOS and infertility, ZP4 mutation can be found. (PMID:25740067)
• ZP4 gene SNPs rs547984, rs540782, rs693421, rs2499601 are not associated with open-angle glaucoma among ethnic Hans from Sichuan. (PMID:30298508)
• Zona Pellucida Proteins, Fibrils, and Matrix. (PMID:32569527)
• Mutations in ZP4 are associated with abnormal zona pellucida and female infertility. (PMID:33461974)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
		ENSDARG00000113246
rattus_norvegicus	Zp4	ENSRNOG00000027506

Paralogs (4): ZP2 (ENSG00000103310), QRICH2 (ENSG00000129646), ZP1 (ENSG00000149506), C16orf96 (ENSG00000205832)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 4 — Q12836 (reviewed: Q12836)

Alternative names: Zona pellucida glycoprotein 4, Zona pellucida protein B

All UniProt accessions (1): Q12836

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Component of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding oocytes which mediates sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and prevents post-fertilization polyspermy. The zona pellucida is composed of 3 to 4 glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4. ZP4 may act as a sperm receptor.

Subcellular location. Zona pellucida Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in oocytes.

Post-translational modifications. Proteolytically cleaved before the transmembrane segment to yield the secreted ectodomain incorporated in the zona pellucida.

Domain organisation. The ZP domain is involved in the polymerization of the ZP proteins to form the zona pellucida.

Similarity. Belongs to the ZP domain family. ZPB subfamily.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_067009* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000519	P_trefoil_dom	Domain
IPR001507	ZP_dom	Domain
IPR017957	P_trefoil_CS	Conserved_site
IPR017977	ZP_dom_CS	Conserved_site
IPR042235	ZP-C_dom	Homologous_superfamily
IPR044913	P_trefoil_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR048290	ZP_chr	Domain
IPR051148	Zona_Pellucida_Domain_gp	Family
IPR054554	ZP1/4_Ig-like	Domain
IPR055355	ZP-C	Domain
IPR055356	ZP-N	Domain

Pfam: PF00088, PF00100, PF22821, PF23344

UniProt features (19 total): glycosylation site 7, chain 2, sequence variant 2, topological domain 2, domain 2, signal peptide 1, disulfide bond 1, propeptide 1, transmembrane region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q12836-F1	74.90	0.24

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (1): 367–442

Glycosylation sites (7): 202, 219, 267, 302, 470, 474, 69

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2534343	Interaction With Cumulus Cells And The Zona Pellucida

MSigDB gene sets: 77 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_SINGLE_FERTILIZATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_REPRODUCTIVE_PROCESS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_REPRODUCTIVE_PROCESS, GOBP_VESICLE_MEDIATED_TRANSPORT, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ADHESION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, GOBP_EXOCYTOSIS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOMF_EXTRACELLULAR_MATRIX_STRUCTURAL_CONSTITUENT, GOBP_SPERM_EGG_RECOGNITION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION

GO Biological Process (8): positive regulation of humoral immune response (GO:0002922), binding of sperm to zona pellucida (GO:0007339), positive regulation of T cell proliferation (GO:0042102), prevention of polyspermy (GO:0060468), acrosomal vesicle exocytosis (GO:0060478), positive regulation of acrosome reaction (GO:2000344), negative regulation of binding of sperm to zona pellucida (GO:2000360), single fertilization (GO:0007338)

GO Molecular Function (4): acrosin binding (GO:0032190), structural constituent of egg coat (GO:0035804), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): extracellular region (GO:0005576), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), egg coat (GO:0035805), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Fertilization	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
acrosome reaction	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
regulation of humoral immune response	1
humoral immune response	1
positive regulation of immune response	1
sperm-egg recognition	1
T cell proliferation	1
regulation of T cell proliferation	1
positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation	1
positive regulation of T cell activation	1
egg activation	1
negative regulation of fertilization	1
calcium-ion regulated exocytosis	1
regulation of acrosome reaction	1
positive regulation of reproductive process	1
binding of sperm to zona pellucida	1
negative regulation of cellular process	1
negative regulation of reproductive process	1
regulation of binding of sperm to zona pellucida	1
fertilization	1
enzyme binding	1
extracellular matrix structural constituent	1
egg coat	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
specialized extracellular matrix	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1368 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ZP4	ZP3	P21754	999
ZP4	ZP2	Q05996	987
ZP4	ZP1	P60852	864
ZP4	GDF9	O60383	752
ZP4	FIGLA	Q6QHK4	742
ZP4	CACNA1G	O43497	657
ZP4	ASTL	Q6HA08	656
ZP4	NOBOX	O60393	620
ZP4	BMP15	O95972	608
ZP4	P4HA2	O15460	586
ZP4	IZUMO1	Q8IYV9	568
ZP4	MMUT	P22033	545
ZP4	DAZL	Q92904	544
ZP4	PLXDC2	Q6UX71	540
ZP4	SOHLH1	Q5JUK2	524

IntAct

22 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ZP4	ZP4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.600
ZP4	GSTM3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.520
ZP4	ACR	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
ZP4	ENO1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP4	GAPDHS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP4	GPX4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP4	PKM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP4	ALDOA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP4	TPI1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP4	ODF2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ZP1	ZP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ZP2	ZP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ZP3	ZP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

ESM2 similar proteins: G7PWZ3, I6M4H4, O08852, O54766, O77726, O95428, P08751, P10761, P17813, P20239, P21754, P23491, P35054, P37176, P42098, P42099, P43021, P47983, P47984, P48829, P48830, P48831, P48832, P48833, P48834, P53785, P53786, P60852, P79762, P97708, Q00193, Q05996, Q07104, Q07287, Q12836, Q3HRV3, Q3S2X5, Q5DID0, Q5DID3, Q62005

Diamond homologs: I6M4H4, O54766, O54767, O77726, P20239, P42099, P47983, P47984, P48829, P48834, P60852, Q00193, Q05996, Q07287, Q12836, Q62005, Q8CH34, Q9BH10, Q9BH11, O08524, P54097, Q5DID0, Q5DID3, Q96PL2, Q9D733, P19218

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 12 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Glycolysis	5	119.0×	1e-08

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
binding of sperm to zona pellucida	5	175.5×	3e-09
glycolytic process	5	159.6×	3e-09

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

102 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	83
Likely benign	13
Benign	4

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1641 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:237882740:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:237882741:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:237882741:CG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:237882741:CGG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:237882741:CGGA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:237882741:CGGAG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:237882844:TTCC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237882845:TCCTG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237882846:CCTG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237882847:C:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237882848:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237885576:TTTAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:237885577:TTAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:237885578:TAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:237885579:AT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:237885579:ATC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237885580:TC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237885581:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:237885582:T:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237885591:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:237885592:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:237886767:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:237886768:TACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:237886770:C:CG	donor_loss	1.0000
1:237886867:ATCTA:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237886868:TC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237886869:CTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:237888352:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:237888353:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:237888507:CGGG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3512 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:237885210:G:C	F422L	0.994
1:237885210:G:T	F422L	0.994
1:237885212:A:G	F422L	0.994
1:237885226:A:G	F417S	0.989
1:237885408:C:A	W381C	0.987
1:237885408:C:G	W381C	0.987
1:237885451:C:G	C367S	0.983
1:237885452:A:T	C367S	0.983
1:237884834:C:G	C442S	0.981
1:237884835:A:T	C442S	0.981
1:237885211:A:C	F422C	0.981
1:237885205:A:C	F424C	0.980
1:237885226:A:C	F417C	0.980
1:237885447:C:A	W368C	0.978
1:237885447:C:G	W368C	0.978
1:237885225:G:C	F417L	0.975
1:237885225:G:T	F417L	0.975
1:237885227:A:G	F417L	0.975
1:237884833:G:C	C442W	0.973
1:237885450:A:C	C367W	0.972
1:237885452:A:G	C367R	0.972
1:237885204:A:C	F424L	0.970
1:237885204:A:T	F424L	0.970
1:237885206:A:G	F424L	0.970
1:237885313:C:G	C388S	0.969
1:237885314:A:T	C388S	0.969
1:237884834:C:T	C442Y	0.967
1:237885410:A:G	W381R	0.967
1:237885410:A:T	W381R	0.967
1:237885446:C:G	A369P	0.965

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000056763 (1:237885639 T>TCA), RS1000847358 (1:237887113 A>C,G), RS1000926223 (1:237884568 T>C), RS1000978407 (1:237891710 G>A), RS1001516379 (1:237884699 A>G), RS1001581428 (1:237887101 C>T), RS1001644958 (1:237889454 G>A), RS1001717111 (1:237886913 A>G), RS1001949370 (1:237890657 C>A,T), RS1001980423 (1:237890448 T>C), RS1002228981 (1:237891605 T>C), RS1002447061 (1:237886043 G>A), RS1002617497 (1:237888694 A>C), RS1002771202 (1:237884339 C>T), RS1003106381 (1:237883921 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:613514 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
schizophrenia	No Known Disease Relationship	Unknown

Mondo (2): prostate cancer (MONDO:0008315), schizophrenia (MONDO:0005090)

Orphanet (1): Familial prostate cancer (Orphanet:1331)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

8 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000041_1	Hypertension	8.000000e-07
GCST000767_4	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease histology (AST)	2.000000e-06
GCST005435_1	Stimulated C-peptide levels in type I diabetes	4.000000e-06
GCST005436_1	C-peptide levels in type I diabetes	4.000000e-08
GCST009391_1816	Metabolite levels	4.000000e-06
GCST009391_705	Metabolite levels	6.000000e-06
GCST009391_930	Metabolite levels	3.000000e-06
GCST010002_381	Refractive error	7.000000e-10

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0005187	C-peptide measurement
EFO:0010404	triacylglycerol 48:1 measurement
EFO:0010356	lysophosphatidylcholine 14:0 measurement
EFO:0010401	triacylglycerol 46:1 measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D011471	Prostatic Neoplasms	C04.588.945.440.770; C12.100.500.260.750; C12.100.500.565.625; C12.200.294.260.750; C12.200.294.565.625; C12.200.758.409.750; C12.900.619.750

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

8 total (human), top 8 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
abrine	increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

600 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00000374	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00001656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Clozapine vs Olanzapine in Childhood-Onset Psychotic Disorders
NCT00007774	PHASE4	COMPLETED	To Determine if Olanzapine is More Cost Effective Than Haloperidol for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00014001	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CATIE- Schizophrenia Trial
NCT00018668	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia
NCT00034801	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Active Comparator in the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00034905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Seroquel vs. Risperidone in Schizophrenia
NCT00036088	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus An Active Comparator in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00044187	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Assessment of a Weight-Gain Agent for the Treatment of Olanzapine-Associated Anti-Obesity Agent in Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar I Disorder
NCT00044655	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Switching Medication to Treat Schizophrenia
NCT00048828	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Drug-Resistant Childhood Schizophrenia
NCT00053703	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS)
NCT00056498	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients Who Are Currently Taking Clozapine
NCT00061802	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Two Atypical Antipsychotics vs. Placebo in Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Either Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00080327	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Three Doses of Aripiprazole in Patients With Acute Schizophrenia
NCT00088049	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Olanzapine vs. Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00090012	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Continuing Olanzapine to Switching to Quetiapine in Overweight or Obese Patients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00100776	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of High Dose Olanzapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00103571	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Acutely Ill Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00108368	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine on Thinking
NCT00114595	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Tardive Dyskinesia
NCT00130923	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Long-acting Versus Oral Risperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorder
NCT00137020	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Effect Of Cross Titration Of Antipsychotics With Ziprasidone In Schizophrenia Or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00140166	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia With Vitamin Therapy
NCT00145847	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Abuse in Schizophrenia
NCT00148564	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Energy Homeostasis Under Treatment With Atypical Antipsychotics
NCT00156715	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Quetiapine in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia and a Comorbid Substance Use Disorder
NCT00158223	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Pimozide in Augmenting the Effects of Clozapine in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00159081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	One Year Drug Treatment in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159120	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Maintenance Treatment vs. Stepwise Drug Discontinuation in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159133	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prodrome-Based Early Intervention With Antipsychotics vs. Benzodiazepines in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159757	PHASE4	TERMINATED	12 Week Open, Non-Comparative Switch Study Of Oral Ziprazidone In Previously Treated Schizophrenic Patients
NCT00167817	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Switch to Aripiprazole on Health and Smoking Parameters in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
NCT00169026	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Alcoholism and Schizophrenia: Effects of Clozapine
NCT00169039	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Chlorpromazine for Treatment-Unresponsive Schizophrenia
NCT00169065	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Clozapine Versus Olanzapine for Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia
NCT00169091	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Haloperidol for Treating the First Episode of Schizophrenia
NCT00176423	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Galantamine for Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia
NCT00176436	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine for Treatment of Weight Gain in Olanzapine or Clozapine Patients
NCT00177008	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Schizophrenia With Co-Morbid Social Anxiety