# NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1957C>A (p.Arg653Ser)

https://sugi.bio/variant/abca4-p-arg653ser

## Summary

**ABCA4 p.Arg653Ser (c.1957C>A)** is classified **Pathogenic** in ABCA4 (ClinVar, Single submitter, 1 submitter; last evaluated 2025-06-19). AlphaMissense: ambiguous (0.4968); Absent from gnomAD v4.1.

**At a glance:** Pathogenic · review: Single submitter · 1 submitter · AlphaMissense ambiguous · absent from gnomAD v4.1

## For patients & families {#patients}

This is a change in the ABCA4 gene that is reported as disease-causing, but on limited review, submitted by 1 submitter.

*Reference information, not medical advice, and not a prediction for any individual. A genetic counselor or clinician can interpret what it means for you and your family.*

**Support & next steps:** [Find a genetic counselor (NSGC)](https://findageneticcounselor.nsgc.org/).

## Identity {#identity}

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Gene | [ABCA4](https://sugi.bio/atlas/gene/ABCA4/) |
| Protein change (HGVS p.) | p.Arg653Ser |
| Coding change (HGVS c.) | c.1957C>A |
| MANE Select transcript | [NM_000350](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_000350) |
| Variant type | single nucleotide variant |
| Location | chr1:94060740-94060740 (GRCh38) |
| ClinVar | [VCV4745910](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/4745910/) |

**All HGVS expressions:** `NC_000001.10:g.94526296G>T`, `NC_000001.11:g.94060740G>T`, `NG_009073.1:g.65410C>A`, `NG_009073.2:g.65408C>A`, `NM_000350.3:c.1957C>A`, `NM_001425324.1:c.1957C>A`

## Computational & population evidence {#evidence}

**Concordance:** AlphaMissense makes no call; REVEL calls this damaging; SaProt does not; AlphaMissense makes no call — descriptive only.

- AlphaMissense **ambiguous** (0.4968) — no call either way
- REVEL 0.778 (moderately pathogenic-leaning)
- SaProt LLR -5.62 (tolerated)
- → **In-silico consensus:** REVEL calls this damaging; SaProt does not; AlphaMissense makes no call
- Conservation: phyloP 7.625, GERP 1.96, phastCons 1 — highly conserved
- CADD: **PHRED 23.3**. No single ClinGen-calibrated threshold exists and the expert panels that use CADD disagree — GUCY2D/AIPL1 require ≥ 20.0 for an untranslated-region variant, ABCA4 ≥ 28.1 for a synonymous or indel variant, the Pulmonary Hypertension panel imports Pejaver 2022's missense-calibrated numbers, and the Antibody Deficiencies panel declines CADD entirely for PIK3CD. CADD v1.7 also incorporates Zoonomia phyloP, so it partly re-expresses the conservation above. *Descriptive; no threshold applied.*
- Regional missense constraint: **o/e 0.98** across the covering region of the MANE Select transcript (93,993,240–94,121,045), spanning 127,805 bp. Chi-square p 0.24. Describes the region, not this allele; gnomAD v4.1.1's own constrained determination. *Descriptive; no ACMG code applied.*
- SpliceAI: **not assessed** — no allele at this position is in our SpliceAI release, either because it lies outside the scored MANE transcript scope or because every allele is below Δ0.2. We cannot tell which, so this claims neither; absence is not evidence against a splicing effect.
- Population frequency: **absent from gnomAD v4.1** — a rarity signal (ACMG PM2-supporting), not evidence of pathogenicity on its own.

*Computational predictors are not independent (ClinGen Variant Classification guidance): AlphaMissense (Cheng et al. 2023) carries the ACMG weight for missense and conservation (phyloP/GERP/phastCons) for non-missense; REVEL (Pejaver-2022 calibrated strength bands) and SaProt (Su et al. 2023, structure-aware, ClinVar-independent protein language model, raw LLR) are shown as orthogonal agreement signals, not additive. For frequency, the gnomAD v4.1 grpmax filtering allele frequency (FAF95) is ClinGen's designated BA1/BS1 input (gnomAD v4 guidance v3.0, June 2025); BA1/BS1 thresholds are disease-specific, not a blanket 5%. Predictions, not a clinical determination.*

## Gene constraint & dosage {#gene-context}

**ABCA4** population constraint: LOEUF 0.786, pLI 3.4822e-43, missense-Z 1.3815. *Lower LOEUF and higher pLI indicate a gene that tolerates loss-of-function poorly; ClinGen dosage is the curated haploinsufficiency call.*

Curated gene–disease validity (ClinGen):

- **ABCA4-related retinopathy** — Definitive (AR)
- **age related macular degeneration 2** — Disputed (AD)

## Protein context {#protein}

Residue **653** lies in a UniProt-annotated variant site (in cord3; uncertain significance); a UniProt-annotated variant site (in stgd1; uncertain significance); a UniProt-annotated variant site (found in a patient with chorioretinal atrophy; uncertain significance); a UniProt-annotated variant site (in stgd1; likely pathogenic; severely decreased, if any, n-ret-pe-stimulated atpase activity although basal activity is unchanged; decreased n-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activity; severely decreased n-all-trans-retinylidenephosphatidylethanolamine binding; does not affect solubility; does not affect location in cytoplasmic vesicle); a UniProt-annotated variant site (in stgd1; likely pathogenic; severely decreased n-all-trans-retinylidenephosphatidylethanolamine binding; does not affect solubility; does not affect location in cytoplasmic vesicle; does not affect both basal and n-ret-pe-stimulated atpase activity); a binding site; an α-helix; a disulfide bond.

AlphaFold model confidence (whole protein): pLDDT 75.96, 10% of residues very-high.

**8 experimental structure(s)** (PDB): [7E7I](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/7E7I), [7E7O](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/7E7O), [7E7Q](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/7E7Q), [7LKP](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/7LKP), [7LKZ](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/7LKZ), [7M1P](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/7M1P).

## What this gene does {#gene-function}

*Describes the biological roles of ABCA4 (the gene this variant disrupts) — not effects measured for this specific variant. A damaging variant is expected to affect these functions and pathways; the degree depends on the variant.*

**How this variant is thought to act:** ABCA4's established molecular role includes 11-cis retinal binding. In Reactome, ABCA4 is annotated in disease pathway(s) including **Defective visual phototransduction due to ABCA4 loss of function**.

**Disease mechanism (Reactome):** ABCA4 loss or alteration is curated in [Defective visual phototransduction due to ABCA4 loss of function](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-9918454).

### Pathways affected {#pathways}

ABCA4 participates in **3 Reactome pathways** (⚕ = disease pathway):

| Pathway (Reactome) | Evidence |
| --- | --- |
| ⚕ [Defective visual phototransduction due to ABCA4 loss of function](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-9918454) | curated |
| [ABC-family protein mediated transport](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-382556) | curated |
| [The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision)](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2453902) | electronic |

### Molecular function & processes (GO — experimentally supported) {#go}

**Molecular function:** 11-cis retinal binding, all-trans retinal binding, ATP hydrolysis activity, phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activity, flippase activity.

**Biological process:** retinal metabolic process, phospholipid translocation.

## Clinical significance {#significance}

**Pathogenic** — review status Single submitter *(criteria provided, single submitter)*, last evaluated 2025-06-19.

**Submitter consensus:** unanimous (1/1 Pathogenic).

### Submitter classifications {#submitters}

| Submitter | Classification | Review | Method | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp | Pathogenic | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2025-06-19 |

**Reported phenotype names (ClinVar):** not provided, none provided.

## Same-residue context {#hotspot}

Residue **653** carries **5 other pathogenic ClinVar variants** — a recurrently-mutated position: [ABCA4 p.Arg653fs](/variant/abca4-p-arg653fs), [ABCA4 p.Arg653His](/variant/abca4-p-arg653his), [ABCA4 p.Arg653Gly](/variant/abca4-p-arg653gly), [ABCA4 p.Arg653Leu](/variant/abca4-p-arg653leu), [ABCA4 p.Arg653Cys](/variant/abca4-p-arg653cys). *Positional co-occurrence of independent ClinVar records, not functional proof.*

## Similar variants {#similar}

Related ABCA4 variant pages (same residue, condition, or type): [ABCA4 p.Arg653Cys](/variant/abca4-p-arg653cys), [ABCA4 p.Arg653His](/variant/abca4-p-arg653his), [ABCA4 p.Arg653Leu](/variant/abca4-p-arg653leu), [ABCA4 p.Arg653Gly](/variant/abca4-p-arg653gly), [ABCA4 p.Arg653delinsLeuSerSerTrpCys](/variant/abca4-p-arg653delinsleusersertrpcys), [ABCA4 p.Arg653fs](/variant/abca4-p-arg653fs), [ABCA4 c.1937+1G>A](/variant/abca4-c-1937-plus-1g-a), [ABCA4 c.3328+2T>A](/variant/abca4-c-3328-plus-2t-a).

### Data sources & attribution {#sources}

ClinVar (NCBI — public domain, built 2026-10-11); gnomAD v4.1 (Broad Institute, built 2026-10-06); AlphaMissense (Cheng et al. 2023, © Google DeepMind — CC BY 4.0, built 2026-01-27); REVEL (Ioannidis et al. 2016 — ODbL, built 2026-07-13); SaProt (Su et al. 2023 — MIT, built 2026-07-14); SpliceAI (Illumina — free for non-commercial use, built 2026-10-13); CADD (Rentzsch et al. 2019, University of Washington — free for non-commercial use, built 2026-10-10); Conservation (phyloP/phastCons/GERP) (UCSC hg38 470-way mammal (Hiller Lab) + Ensembl Compara, built 2026-07-12); gnomAD Non-coding Constraint (Gnocchi) (Chen et al. 2024, Broad Institute — CC0, built 2026-10-11); gnomAD Regional Missense Constraint (Broad Institute — CC0, built 2026-10-13); Pangolin (Zeng & Li 2022 — CC BY 4.0, built 2026-10-11); Repeat regions (UCSC — RepeatMasker, TRF, segmental duplications, built 2026-10-11); ClinGen (ClinGen, built 2026-09-22); UniProt (CC BY 4.0); Reactome / GO (CC BY 4.0, built 2026-09-23); MaveDB (per-record license, built 2026-10-11); CIViC (CC0, built 2026-09-22); Orphanet (Orphanet, built 2026-06-12)

*Primary record: NCBI ClinVar (variation 4745910). Classifications reflect these databases as of the page's build date and may change. Free reference use — not medical advice; consult the primary submitters and a clinician.*