# NM_030943.4(AMN):c.93C>T (p.Asp31=)

https://sugi.bio/variant/amn-p-asp31

## Summary

**AMN p.Asp31= (c.93C>T)** is classified **Benign/Likely benign** in AMN (ClinVar, Multiple submitters, 3 submitters; last evaluated 2025-12-23). Rare (popmax 0.19%, amr); Associated with Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome.

**At a glance:** Benign/Likely benign · review: Multiple submitters · rsID rs772599857 · 3 submitters · 2 linked conditions · rare (popmax 0.19%, amr)

## For patients & families {#patients}

This is a change in the AMN gene that is classified as benign/likely benign — not considered disease-causing, submitted by 3 submitters, and is linked to Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome.

*Reference information, not medical advice, and not a prediction for any individual. A genetic counselor or clinician can interpret what it means for you and your family.*

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Typical inheritance (of this condition) | Autosomal recessive |
| Age of onset (of this condition) | Childhood |
| Prevalence | 1-9 / 1 000 000 (Finland) |
| Diagnostic panels | AMN is a diagnostic-grade gene on 11 Genomics England panels |

**Commonly reported features of Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome** (across patients with this condition; presentation varies — frequencies from Orphanet):

- Decreased circulating vitamin B12 concentration — Obligate (100%)
- Malabsorption of Vitamin B12 — Obligate (100%)
- Abnormal blood 5-methyltetrahydrofolate level — Obligate (100%)
- Megaloblastic anemia — Very frequent (99-80%)
- Macrocytic anemia — Very frequent (99-80%)
- Hypersegmentation of neutrophil nuclei — Very frequent (99-80%)
- Proteinuria — Frequent (79-30%)
- Pallor — Frequent (79-30%)

**Support & next steps:** [Condition overview & support (NIH GARD)](https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/0007006/index) · [Find a genetic counselor (NSGC)](https://findageneticcounselor.nsgc.org/).

## Identity {#identity}

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Gene | [AMN](https://sugi.bio/atlas/gene/AMN/) |
| Protein change (HGVS p.) | p.Asp31= |
| Coding change (HGVS c.) | c.93C>T |
| MANE Select transcript | [NM_030943](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_030943) |
| dbSNP | [rs772599857](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs772599857/) |
| Variant type | single nucleotide variant |
| Location | chr14:102923760-102923760 (GRCh38) |
| ClinVar | [VCV699091](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/699091/) |

**All HGVS expressions:** `LRG_642:g.6105C>T`, `LRG_642t1:c.93C>T`, `NC_000014.8:g.103390097C>T`, `NC_000014.9:g.102923760C>T`, `NG_008276.2:g.6105C>T`, `NM_030943.4:c.93C>T`

## Computational & population evidence {#evidence}

**Concordance:** Mixed / partial computational evidence (see below).

- **Missense predictors (AlphaMissense/REVEL/SaProt) do not apply** to this variant type — they score amino-acid substitutions only. For non-missense variants the computational signal comes from conservation (below), not from a missing predictor score.
- Conservation: phyloP -5.644, GERP -2.59 — fast-evolving / accelerated position
- CADD: **PHRED 3.523**. No single ClinGen-calibrated threshold exists and the expert panels that use CADD disagree — GUCY2D/AIPL1 require ≥ 20.0 for an untranslated-region variant, ABCA4 ≥ 28.1 for a synonymous or indel variant, the Pulmonary Hypertension panel imports Pejaver 2022's missense-calibrated numbers, and the Antibody Deficiencies panel declines CADD entirely for PIK3CD. CADD v1.7 also incorporates Zoonomia phyloP, so it partly re-expresses the conservation above. *Descriptive; no threshold applied.*
- SpliceAI: **not assessed** — no allele at this position is in our SpliceAI release, either because it lies outside the scored MANE transcript scope or because every allele is below Δ0.2. We cannot tell which, so this claims neither; absence is not evidence against a splicing effect.
- Population frequency (gnomAD v4.1): grpmax **0.19%** (amr) · FAF95 0.162% · FAF99 0.151% · 114/60,030 in the highest group · 116/1,612,810 alleles overall — rare (popmax 0.19%, amr).

| Ancestry group | Allele frequency | 1 in |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Admixed American (grpmax) | 0.19% | 527 |
| Remaining individuals (not grpmax-eligible) | 0.0032% | 31,241 |

*Computational predictors are not independent (ClinGen Variant Classification guidance): AlphaMissense (Cheng et al. 2023) carries the ACMG weight for missense and conservation (phyloP/GERP/phastCons) for non-missense; REVEL (Pejaver-2022 calibrated strength bands) and SaProt (Su et al. 2023, structure-aware, ClinVar-independent protein language model, raw LLR) are shown as orthogonal agreement signals, not additive. For frequency, the gnomAD v4.1 grpmax filtering allele frequency (FAF95) is ClinGen's designated BA1/BS1 input (gnomAD v4 guidance v3.0, June 2025); BA1/BS1 thresholds are disease-specific, not a blanket 5%. Predictions, not a clinical determination.*

## Gene constraint & dosage {#gene-context}

**AMN** population constraint: LOEUF 1.446, pLI 1.8277e-15, missense-Z -2.732; ClinGen dosage — haploinsufficiency 30, triplosensitivity 0 (0–3 scale). *Lower LOEUF and higher pLI indicate a gene that tolerates loss-of-function poorly; ClinGen dosage is the curated haploinsufficiency call.*

## Protein context {#protein}


AlphaFold model confidence (whole protein): pLDDT 80.78, 61% of residues very-high.

**1 experimental structure(s)** (PDB): [6GJE](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6GJE).

## What this gene does {#gene-function}

*Describes the biological roles of AMN (the gene this variant disrupts) — not effects measured for this specific variant. A damaging variant is expected to affect these functions and pathways; the degree depends on the variant.*

**How this variant is thought to act:** AMN's established molecular role includes signaling receptor binding. In Reactome, AMN is annotated in disease pathway(s) including **Defective AMN causes MGA1**, **Defective CUBN causes MGA1**.

**Disease mechanism (Reactome):** AMN loss or alteration is curated in [Defective AMN causes MGA1](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-3359462), [Defective CUBN causes MGA1](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-3359463).

### Pathways affected {#pathways}

AMN participates in **4 Reactome pathways** (⚕ = disease pathway):

| Pathway (Reactome) | Evidence |
| --- | --- |
| ⚕ [Defective AMN causes MGA1](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-3359462) | other |
| ⚕ [Defective CUBN causes MGA1](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-3359463) | other |
| [HDL clearance](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-8964011) | other |
| [Uptake of dietary cobalamins into enterocytes](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-9758881) | other |

### Molecular function & processes (GO — experimentally supported) {#go}

**Molecular function:** signaling receptor binding, cargo receptor activity.

**Biological process:** receptor-mediated endocytosis, cobalamin metabolic process, cobalamin transport, Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport.

## Clinical significance {#significance}

**Benign/Likely benign** — review status Multiple submitters *(criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts)*, last evaluated 2025-12-23.

**Submitter consensus:** conflicting (2 Likely benign, 1 Benign).

**Submission history:** 3 submissions (2021–2025); classifications have differed over time.

### Submitter classifications {#submitters}

| Submitter | Classification | Review | Method | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics | Likely benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2021-12-22 |
| Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2025-12-23 |
| Blueprint Genetics | Likely benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2021-06-29 |

## Associated conditions {#conditions}

[Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome](https://sugi.bio/atlas/disease/imerslund-grasbeck-syndrome/), [Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome type 2](https://sugi.bio/atlas/disease/imerslund-grasbeck-syndrome-type-2/).

**Reported phenotype names (ClinVar):** Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome, Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome type 2, not specified, ENTEROCYTE COBALAMIN MALABSORPTION, ENTEROCYTE INTRINSIC FACTOR RECEPTOR, DEFECT OF, PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, JUVENILE, DUE TO SELECTIVE INTESTINAL MALABSORPTION OF VITAMIN B12, WITH PROTEINURIA, Megaloblastic anemia due to inborn errors of metabolism, Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome, Megaloblastic anemia 1, Norwegian type, MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA, NORWEGIAN TYPE.

## Similar variants {#similar}

Related AMN variant pages (same residue, condition, or type): [AMN p.Asp31Asn](/variant/amn-p-asp31asn), [AMN p.Asp31Glu](/variant/amn-p-asp31glu), [AMN c.208-1G>C](/variant/amn-c-208-minus-1g-c), [AMN c.296-1G>A](/variant/amn-c-296-minus-1g-a), [AMN c.44-1G>A](/variant/amn-c-44-minus-1g-a), [AMN c.760+1G>A](/variant/amn-c-760-plus-1g-a), [AMN c.844-1G>C](/variant/amn-c-844-minus-1g-c), [AMN p.Thr41Ile](/variant/amn-p-thr41ile).

### Data sources & attribution {#sources}

ClinVar (NCBI — public domain, built 2026-10-11); gnomAD v4.1 (Broad Institute, built 2026-10-06); AlphaMissense (Cheng et al. 2023, © Google DeepMind — CC BY 4.0, built 2026-01-27); REVEL (Ioannidis et al. 2016 — ODbL, built 2026-07-13); SaProt (Su et al. 2023 — MIT, built 2026-07-14); SpliceAI (Illumina — free for non-commercial use, built 2026-10-13); CADD (Rentzsch et al. 2019, University of Washington — free for non-commercial use, built 2026-10-10); Conservation (phyloP/phastCons/GERP) (UCSC hg38 470-way mammal (Hiller Lab) + Ensembl Compara, built 2026-07-12); gnomAD Non-coding Constraint (Gnocchi) (Chen et al. 2024, Broad Institute — CC0, built 2026-10-11); gnomAD Regional Missense Constraint (Broad Institute — CC0, built 2026-10-13); Pangolin (Zeng & Li 2022 — CC BY 4.0, built 2026-10-11); Repeat regions (UCSC — RepeatMasker, TRF, segmental duplications, built 2026-10-11); ClinGen (ClinGen, built 2026-09-22); UniProt (CC BY 4.0); Reactome / GO (CC BY 4.0, built 2026-09-23); MaveDB (per-record license, built 2026-10-11); CIViC (CC0, built 2026-09-22); Orphanet (Orphanet, built 2026-06-12)

*Primary record: NCBI ClinVar (variation 699091). Classifications reflect these databases as of the page's build date and may change. Free reference use — not medical advice; consult the primary submitters and a clinician.*