# NM_000141.5(FGFR2):c.696A>G (p.Val232=)

https://sugi.bio/variant/fgfr2-p-val232

## Summary

**FGFR2 p.Val232= (c.696A>G)** is classified **Benign** in FGFR2 (ClinVar, Multiple submitters, 10 submitters; last evaluated 2026-05-08). Common (popmax 90.4%, eas) — too common for a highly-penetrant pathogenic allele; Associated with FGFR2-related craniosynostosis.

**At a glance:** Benign · review: Multiple submitters · rsID rs1047100 · 10 submitters · 5 linked conditions · common (popmax 90.4%, eas) — too common for a highly-penetrant pathogenic allele

## For patients & families {#patients}

This is a change in the FGFR2 gene that is classified as benign — not considered disease-causing, submitted by 10 submitters, and is linked to FGFR2-related craniosynostosis.

*Reference information, not medical advice, and not a prediction for any individual. A genetic counselor or clinician can interpret what it means for you and your family.*

**Support & next steps:** [Find a genetic counselor (NSGC)](https://findageneticcounselor.nsgc.org/).

## Identity {#identity}

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Gene | [FGFR2](https://sugi.bio/atlas/gene/FGFR2/) |
| Protein change (HGVS p.) | p.Val232= |
| Coding change (HGVS c.) | c.696A>G |
| MANE Select transcript | [NM_000141](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_000141) |
| dbSNP | [rs1047100](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1047100/) |
| Variant type | single nucleotide variant |
| Location | chr10:121538644-121538644 (GRCh38) |
| ClinVar | [VCV255319](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/255319/) |

**All HGVS expressions:** `LRG_994:g.64815A>G`, `LRG_994t1:c.696A>G`, `LRG_994t2:c.696A>G`, `NC_000010.10:g.123298158T>C`, `NC_000010.11:g.121538644T>C`, `NG_012449.2:g.64815A>G`, `NM_000141.5:c.696A>G`, `NM_001144913.1:c.696A>G`, `NM_001144914.1:c.696A>G`, `NM_001144915.2:c.429A>G`, `NM_001144916.2:c.351A>G`, `NM_001144917.2:c.696A>G`, `NM_001144918.2:c.351A>G`, `NM_001144919.2:c.429A>G`, `NM_001320658.2:c.696A>G`, `NM_022970.4:c.696A>G`, `NM_023029.3:c.429A>G`, `NR_073009.2:n.984A>G`

## Computational & population evidence {#evidence}

**Concordance:** Evidence sources **disagree** — common (popmax 90.4%, eas) — too common for a highly-penetrant pathogenic allele.

- **Missense predictors (AlphaMissense/REVEL/SaProt) do not apply** to this variant type — they score amino-acid substitutions only. For non-missense variants the computational signal comes from conservation (below), not from a missing predictor score.
- Conservation: phyloP 0.57, GERP -1.05, phastCons 0.998 — weakly conserved position
- CADD: **PHRED 10.31**. No single ClinGen-calibrated threshold exists and the expert panels that use CADD disagree — GUCY2D/AIPL1 require ≥ 20.0 for an untranslated-region variant, ABCA4 ≥ 28.1 for a synonymous or indel variant, the Pulmonary Hypertension panel imports Pejaver 2022's missense-calibrated numbers, and the Antibody Deficiencies panel declines CADD entirely for PIK3CD. CADD v1.7 also incorporates Zoonomia phyloP, so it partly re-expresses the conservation above. *Descriptive; no threshold applied.*
- SpliceAI: **not assessed** — no allele at this position is in our SpliceAI release, either because it lies outside the scored MANE transcript scope or because every allele is below Δ0.2. We cannot tell which, so this claims neither; absence is not evidence against a splicing effect.
- Population frequency (gnomAD v4.1): grpmax **90.4%** (eas) · FAF95 89.7% · FAF99 89.4% · 40,551/44,842 in the highest group · 1,253,875/1,613,866 alleles overall — common (popmax 90.4%, eas) — too common for a highly-penetrant pathogenic allele.

| Ancestry group | Allele frequency | 1 in |
| --- | --- | --- |
| East Asian (grpmax) | 90.4% | 1 |
| Middle Eastern | 82.4% | 1 |
| Ashkenazi Jewish (not grpmax-eligible) | 82% | 1 |
| Admixed American | 79.5% | 1 |
| Remaining individuals (not grpmax-eligible) | 79.3% | 1 |
| Amish (not grpmax-eligible) | 77.9% | 1 |
| European (non-Finnish) | 77.4% | 1 |
| African / African-American | 75.4% | 1 |
| Finnish (not grpmax-eligible) | 75.3% | 1 |
| South Asian | 74.6% | 1 |

*Computational predictors are not independent (ClinGen Variant Classification guidance): AlphaMissense (Cheng et al. 2023) carries the ACMG weight for missense and conservation (phyloP/GERP/phastCons) for non-missense; REVEL (Pejaver-2022 calibrated strength bands) and SaProt (Su et al. 2023, structure-aware, ClinVar-independent protein language model, raw LLR) are shown as orthogonal agreement signals, not additive. For frequency, the gnomAD v4.1 grpmax filtering allele frequency (FAF95) is ClinGen's designated BA1/BS1 input (gnomAD v4 guidance v3.0, June 2025); BA1/BS1 thresholds are disease-specific, not a blanket 5%. Predictions, not a clinical determination.*

## Gene constraint & dosage {#gene-context}

**FGFR2** population constraint: LOEUF 0.278, pLI 1, missense-Z 4.4473. *Lower LOEUF and higher pLI indicate a gene that tolerates loss-of-function poorly; ClinGen dosage is the curated haploinsufficiency call.*

Curated gene–disease validity (ClinGen):

- **Apert syndrome** — Definitive (AD)
- **bent bone dysplasia syndrome 1** — Definitive (AD)
- **Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome** — Definitive (AD)
- **Crouzon syndrome** — Definitive (AD)

## Protein context {#protein}

Residue **232** lies in a β-strand; the ig-like c2-type 2 domain.

AlphaFold model confidence (whole protein): pLDDT 74.33, 37% of residues very-high.

**65 experimental structure(s)** (PDB): [10OO](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/10OO), [10OQ](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/10OQ), [10OU](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/10OU), [1DJS](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1DJS), [1E0O](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1E0O), [1EV2](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1EV2) — incl. mutant structure 10OO.

## What this gene does {#gene-function}

*Describes the biological roles of FGFR2 (the gene this variant disrupts) — not effects measured for this specific variant. A damaging variant is expected to affect these functions and pathways; the degree depends on the variant.*

**How this variant is thought to act:** FGFR2's established molecular role includes fibroblast growth factor receptor activity. p.Val232= falls in the ig-like c2-type 2 domain. In Reactome, FGFR2 is annotated in disease pathway(s) including **Activated point mutants of FGFR2**, **Signaling by FGFR2 amplification mutants**.

**Disease mechanism (Reactome):** FGFR2 loss or alteration is curated in [Activated point mutants of FGFR2](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2033519), [Signaling by FGFR2 amplification mutants](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2023837), [Signaling by FGFR2 fusions](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-8853333).

### Pathways affected {#pathways}

FGFR2 participates in **17 Reactome pathways** (⚕ = disease pathway):

| Pathway (Reactome) | Evidence |
| --- | --- |
| ⚕ [Activated point mutants of FGFR2](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2033519) | curated |
| ⚕ [Signaling by FGFR2 amplification mutants](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2023837) | curated |
| ⚕ [Signaling by FGFR2 fusions](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-8853333) | curated |
| ⚕ [Signaling by FGFR2 in disease](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5655253) | curated |
| ⚕ [Constitutive Signaling by Aberrant PI3K in Cancer](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2219530) | other |
| ⚕ [Signaling by FGFR2 IIIa TM](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-8851708) | electronic |
| [FGFR2b ligand binding and activation](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-190377) | other |
| [FGFR2c ligand binding and activation](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-190375) | other |
| [FRS-mediated FGFR2 signaling](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5654700) | other |
| [Negative regulation of FGFR2 signaling](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5654727) | other |
| [PI-3K cascade:FGFR2](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5654695) | other |
| [PI3K Cascade](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-109704) | other |
| [PI5P, PP2A and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-6811558) | other |
| [PIP3 activates AKT signaling](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-1257604) | other |
| [Phospholipase C-mediated cascade; FGFR2](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5654221) | other |
| [RAF/MAP kinase cascade](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5673001) | other |
| [SHC-mediated cascade:FGFR2](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5654699) | other |

### Molecular function & processes (GO — experimentally supported) {#go}

**Molecular function:** fibroblast growth factor receptor activity, fibroblast growth factor binding, identical protein binding, protein homodimerization activity.

**Biological process:** positive regulation of cell population proliferation, fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of phospholipase activity, negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation, peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation, positive regulation of MAPK cascade.

## Clinical significance {#significance}

**Benign** — review status Multiple submitters *(criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts)*, last evaluated 2026-05-08.

**Submitter consensus:** unanimous (14/14 Benign).

**Submission history:** 14 submissions (2016–2026); classifications have been stable.

### Submitter classifications {#submitters}

| Submitter | Classification | Review | Method | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing |  |
| Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen | Benign | no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing |  |
| Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2026-02-04 |
| Blueprint Genetics | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2024-11-27 |
| GeneDx | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2016-03-03 |
| Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2018-01-13 |
| Joint Genome Diagnostic Labs from Nijmegen and Maastricht, Radboudumc and MUMC+ | Benign | no assertion criteria provided | clinical testing |  |
| Breakthrough Genomics, Breakthrough Genomics | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | not provided |  |
| Mayo Clinic Laboratories, Mayo Clinic | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2022-03-09 |
| Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp | Benign | criteria provided, single submitter | clinical testing | 2026-05-08 |

## Associated conditions {#conditions}

[FGFR2-related craniosynostosis](https://sugi.bio/atlas/disease/fgfr2-related-craniosynostosis/), [Saethre-Chotzen syndrome](https://sugi.bio/atlas/disease/saethre-chotzen-syndrome/), [Crouzon syndrome](https://sugi.bio/atlas/disease/crouzon-syndrome/), [Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome](https://sugi.bio/atlas/disease/beare-stevenson-cutis-gyrata-syndrome/), [craniosynostosis](https://sugi.bio/atlas/disease/craniosynostosis/).

**Reported phenotype names (ClinVar):** FGFR2-related craniosynostosis, not specified, Craniosynostosis syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, Isolated Coronal Synostosis, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, not provided, Craniosynostosis, AllHighlyPenetrant.

## Similar variants {#similar}

Related FGFR2 variant pages (same residue, condition, or type): [FGFR2 c.1084+1G>A](/variant/fgfr2-c-1084-plus-1g-a), [FGFR2 c.1084+2T>C](/variant/fgfr2-c-1084-plus-2t-c), [FGFR2 c.1084+3A>G](/variant/fgfr2-c-1084-plus-3a-g), [FGFR2 c.940-1G>T](/variant/fgfr2-c-940-minus-1g-t), [FGFR2 p.Ala314Ser](/variant/fgfr2-p-ala314ser), [FGFR2 p.Ala337Pro](/variant/fgfr2-p-ala337pro), [FGFR2 p.Ala344=](/variant/fgfr2-p-ala344), [FGFR2 p.Ala344Gly](/variant/fgfr2-p-ala344gly).

### Data sources & attribution {#sources}

ClinVar (NCBI — public domain, built 2026-10-14); gnomAD v4.1 (Broad Institute, built 2026-10-14); AlphaMissense (Cheng et al. 2023, © Google DeepMind — CC BY 4.0, built 2026-01-27); REVEL (Ioannidis et al. 2016 — ODbL, built 2026-07-13); SaProt (Su et al. 2023 — MIT, built 2026-10-14); SpliceAI (Illumina — free for non-commercial use, built 2026-10-13); CADD (Rentzsch et al. 2019, University of Washington — free for non-commercial use, built 2026-10-10); Conservation (phyloP/phastCons/GERP) (UCSC hg38 470-way mammal (Hiller Lab) + Ensembl Compara, built 2026-07-12); gnomAD Non-coding Constraint (Gnocchi) (Chen et al. 2024, Broad Institute — CC0, built 2026-10-11); gnomAD Regional Missense Constraint (Broad Institute — CC0, built 2026-10-13); Pangolin (Zeng & Li 2022 — CC BY 4.0, built 2026-10-11); Repeat regions (UCSC — RepeatMasker, TRF, segmental duplications, built 2026-10-11); ClinGen (ClinGen, built 2026-09-22); UniProt (CC BY 4.0); Reactome / GO (CC BY 4.0, built 2026-09-23); MaveDB (per-record license, built 2026-10-11); CIViC (CC0, built 2026-09-22); Orphanet (Orphanet, built 2026-06-12)

*Primary record: NCBI ClinVar (variation 255319). Classifications reflect these databases as of the page's build date and may change. Free reference use — not medical advice; consult the primary submitters and a clinician.*